An experimental study on magmatic hydrothermal supply of organic materials to the biosphere

在实验水热条件下研究了有机材料（OM）的生产工艺。热液流体中的有机质被认为是由岩石-水反应和/或生物的热分解产生的。特别是微生物的热分解作用，它们是深海生物圈的主要组成部分，有望成为有机质来源的重要来源之一。我们在Seifreid型水热反应设备的基础上构建了一个能够独立控制温度和压力高达400℃和50 MPa的设备。此外，我们开发了一种蓄积器采样装置，可以在高压和高温下将微生物细胞注入反应容器并从反应容器中回收，而不会造成微生物细胞的重大损失。利用该装置对荧光微珠进行了定量回收实验，成功地从反应容器中定量回收了微生物颗粒。利用该装置，在深海热液条件下（350℃，50 MPa）进行了中温细菌（大肠杆菌）和超温古细菌（janaschii甲烷醛球菌）的组成实验。这些细胞在反应开始后立即进行分解，15min时抗性细胞比例降至10%，1h时降至0.1%，2h后降至<0.01%。在不同的最佳生长温度下，两种微生物的细胞分解过程没有差异。细胞有机化合物的分解被观察到双层磷脂，核糖体和基因组DNA按此顺序。据报道，在这种条件下，生物体的纯高分子有机物（HMWOM），如核酸、蛋白质、脂类等，在15分钟内就能很容易地分解。已知添加岩石和粘土矿物可以提高这些HMWOM的稳定性。我们的研究结果表明，与游离HMWOM相比，HMWOM在细胞中的稳定性也有所提高。这表明在岩浆热液系统中，细胞中的HMWOM比传统的想法要稳定得多。少

Production processes of organic materials (OM) were investigated under experimental hydrothermal conditions. The OM in hydrothermal fluids were presumed to originate from rock-water reaction and/or thermal decomposition of organisms. Especially, the thermal decomposition of microorganisms, which were the majority of a deep-biosphere, is expected to be one of the most important sources for the origin of the OM. We constructed an equipment based on a Seifreid type hydrothermal reaction equipment, which is able to control temperature and pressure up to 400℃ and 50 MPa independently. In addition, we developed an accumulator sampling devise to inject microbial cells into and to recover than from the reaction vessel under high pressure and temperature without significant losses of microbial cells. Microbial-sized particles were successfully recovered from the reaction vessel quantitatively by a recovery experiment of microbial-sized fluorescent beads with the devise. Using our equipment, dec … More omposition experiment of mesophilic bacteria (Escherichia coli) and hyperthermophilic archaea (Methanocaldococcus janaschii) was conducted under deep-sea hydrothermal condition (350℃, 50 MPa). The decomposition of these cells were processed as soon as the start of the reaction and the proportion of resisting cells decreased to 10% at 15 min., 0.1% at 1 hour, and <0.01% after 2 hours. There found to be no difference in the cell decomposition process between the two species of microorganisms with different optimal growth temperatures. Decomposition of cellular organic compounds was observed bi-layer phospholipids, ribosome, and genomic DNA in this order. It was reported that pure high molecular organic materials (HMWOM) of organisms, e.g. nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, were easily decomposed within 15 min. under such conditions. The stability of these HMWOM was known to increase by addition of rock-and clay-minerals. Our results showed that stability of the HMWOM in cells also increased compared to free HMWOM. This suggests that the HMWOM in cells is much more stable in the magmatic hydrothermal systems than conventional idea. Less