Preparation of Photonic Crystals by Immobilization of Colloidal Crystals of Polymer-Modified Particles Formed in Organic Media

（1）单分散、聚合物改性二氧化硅的制备及有机溶剂中的胶态结晶通过将粒径为136 nm的单分散胶态二氧化硅悬浮在乙醇中，与相应的含三甲氧基硅基的聚合物硅烷反应，成功地制备了聚（马来酸酐-苯乙烯）（P（MA-ST））和聚（甲基丙烯酸甲酯）（PMMA）接枝二氧化硅。P（MA-ST）/SiO_2和PMMA/SiO_2粒子在极性有机溶剂（如乙腈或丙酮）中发生胶态结晶。揭示了临界结晶体积分数与溶剂极性、接枝聚合物用量及分子量的关系。（2）胶体晶体在聚合物凝胶中的固定化甲基丙烯酸甲酯和1，2-二甲基丙烯酰氧基乙烷在悬浮液中的光辐射自由基共聚合形成胶体晶体，成功地得到了保持晶体结构的有机凝胶。将N-烷基-L-氨基酸衍生物添加到悬浮液中也得到含有晶体的物理凝胶。在凝胶中的固定被认为是一个有前途的程序，用于制作光子晶体，因为在凝胶化过程中没有收缩。（3）凝胶固定化胶体晶体的固化通过将凝胶中的乙腈交换为偏二氧戊环并随后进行自由基聚合，形成了具有胶体晶体结构的耐用的含颗粒阵列的聚合物。通过SEM和TEM观察了聚合物嵌段中的粒子阵列。通过与甲基丙烯酸甲酯的溶剂交换和聚合反应，得到了含有二氧化硅颗粒阵列的透明聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯膜。（4）胶体晶体凝胶的光电效应通过对胶体晶体凝胶施加交变电流，观察到胶体晶体凝胶的晶格振动，提出了将胶体晶体凝胶应用于光子晶体的设想。

(1)Preparation of monodisperse, polymer-modified silica and colloidal crystallization in organic solventsThe preparation of poly(maleic anhydride-co-styrene)(P(MA-ST))-and poly(methyl methacrylate)(PMMA)-grafted silica was successfully achieved by the reaction of monodisperse colloidal silica, of 136 nm size, suspended in ethanol with corresponding polymer silane having trimethoxysilyl group. The particles of P(MA-ST)/SiO_2 and PMMA/SiO_2 made colloidal crystallization in polar organic solvents, such as acetonitrile or acetone. The dependences of the critical volume fraction for the crystallization on solvent polarity, amounts of grafted polymer or its molecular weight were disclosed.(2)Immobilization of colloidal crystals in polymer gelsPhoto-irradiated radical copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and 1,2-dimethacryloyloxyethane in the suspension forming colloidal crystals successfully gave organogels preserving the crystal structure. The addition of N-alkyl-L-amino acid derivatives to the suspension also afforded physical gels contained the crystals. The immobilization in the gels was recognized to be a promising procedure for making photonic crystals, because of no contraction during geling.(3)Solidification of gel-immobilized colloidal crystalsThe exchange of acetonitrile in the gel for vinylidene oxolane and following radical polymerization resulted in the formation of durable polymer containing particle array of the colloidal crystal structure. The particle array in the polymer block was observed by SEM and TEM spectroscopy. The solvent exchange with methyl methacrylate and the polymerization gave a transparent poly(methyl methacrylate) film containing silica particle array.(4)Photo-electric effects of colloidal crystal gelsIt was observed that applying alternating currency to the colloidal crystal gel induced oscillation of crystal lattice, which was suggested to be applicable to a photonic crystals.