Influences and Development of the Jewish and Byzantine Techniques and Styles in Islamic Glass

红海地区港口城市之间进行了人员、商品和技术的交流。西奈半岛除了地理因素外，还具有伊斯兰社会的多样性和多层次特征，因为它是犹太教、基督教和伊斯兰教的共同圣地。由于这些特点符合本研究的主题，所以我重点对拉亚伊斯兰玻璃的考古研究和化学分析进行了研究。因此，这项研究揭示了西奈半岛从8世纪到9世纪从基督教世界向伊斯兰世界过渡的几个方面。直到8世纪，西奈半岛一直与巴勒斯坦地区关系密切。拜占庭风格的堡垒被伊斯兰化，伊拉克和埃及的影响在9世纪有所增加。从乌马亚王朝到阿巴斯王朝的政治变化几乎发生在这一时期。这有助于我们思考文化转型。然后，在法蒂玛王朝时期，东西方贸易路线从波斯湾转向红海，出现了显示广阔伊斯兰地区贸易的材料。化学分析表明，根据原料的不同，有钠玻璃和植物灰玻璃。它们是伊斯兰玻璃变化的证据。这种变化发生在9世纪，伊拉克和埃及的产品以及叙利亚和巴勒斯坦的产品存在地区差异。考虑到犹太工匠的活动以及基督徒、穆斯林和伊斯兰玻璃之间的联系，阐明了非穆斯林对伊斯兰时期以玻璃制造为中心的经济活动做出了巨大贡献，他们有机地结合在一起。雷亚遗址的挖掘仍在继续，因此新的史料的积累将导致对这一主题的更深入研究。

Exchanges of people, commodities and techniques have been made in the port cities of the Red Sea area. The Sinai peninsula has the variety and multilayered characteristics of the Islamic society owing to that it is the common sacred place for Judaism, Christianity and Islam in addition to its geographical factor. As these characteristics correspond to the theme of this study, I have put emphasis on the archaeological study and chemical analysis of the Islamic glass from Raya. Consequently, this study revealed a few aspects of the transition from the Christian world to the Islamic world of the Sinai peninsula from the 8^<th> to the 9^<th> centuries.The peninsula had been deeply related to the Palestinian region until the 8^<th> century. The fort of the Byzantine style was Islamized, and Iraqi and Egyptian influences increased in the 9^<th> century. The political change from the Umayyad dynasty to the Abbasid dynasty occurred almost in this period. This helps us to consider about the cultural transition. Then, in the Fatimid period when the East-West trade route changed from the Persian Gulf to the Red Sea, materials showing the trades in the extensive Islamic zone appeared.Chemical analysis reveals that there are natron glass and plant-ash glass depending on the raw material. They are the evidence of the changes in Islamic glass. The change occurred in the 9^<th> century and the regional differences were in the Iraqi and Egyptian products and Syrian and Palestinian products.Consideration of the activity of Jewish craftsmen and the connection between Christians, Muslims sand Islamic glass clarified that non-Muslims greatly contributed to the economic activity centering on glass manufacturing of the Islamic period and they were organically united.Excavation at the Raya site continues, so accumulation of new historical materials will lead to study this subject more deeply.