Human Ecological survey on environmental pollution in Asian developing country and exposure-effect relationship in children

本研究的目的是评估水污染对学龄儿童的健康风险，阐明污染物的暴露途径，并确定影响暴露与健康后果之间剂量-反应关系的主要因素。目标人群是位于印度尼西亚西爪哇吉塔鲁姆河支流的三个社区。三个群落的生态环境不同，水稻种植农业群落(R)、旱地种植农业群落(D)和大型水库(大坝)附近的养鱼群落(P)在第一年采集了学龄儿童的血液和尿液生物样本。测定血中乙酰氯酸酯酶(AChE)活性和尿中有机磷农药代谢产物(DMP、DEP、DMTP和DETP)。据透露，在这三个群体中，P群体的曝光率最高。在S…进行的访谈调查更长的AME时期显示P村从事农业工作的家庭比例较少，而淡水鱼的消费频率高于其他两个社区，提示农药的暴露途径应与两个农业社区不同。第二年，采用改进的抽样调查方法明确受试者儿童的活动模式，并采集饮用水和淡水鱼样本，从而定量评估水/食物对暴露的贡献。另一项关于农药使用和储存情况的访谈调查显示，约有三成被调查者曾经使用过中、重度毒性的农药(S)，但有一半的家庭把农药留在家里。因此，有可能通过这种不受控制的储存方式暴露。最后，P村的许多家庭将水库水用于日常生活，包括饮用。较少

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the health risks posed on the school-age children by water pollutions, to elucidate the exposure route for the pollutants, and to identify the major factors that modify the dose-response relationship between the exposure and the health consequences. The target population was three communities located in the tributary of Chitarum river in Western Java, Indonesia. The three communities differ in their ecological settings, thus, rice-cultivating agricultural community (R), dry-field-cultivating agricultural community (D), and piscicultural community (P) near a large water reservoir (dam).In the first year, biological samples (blood and urine) of the school children were collected. Both the acetyl-chorine esterase (AChE) activity in the blood and metabolites of organophosphate pesticides (DMP, DEP, DMTP, and DETP) in the urine was determined. revealed that The P community had the highest exposure among the three. Interview survey conducted at the s … More ame period showed the P village had fewer proportion of households engaged in agricultural works, and had more frequent consumption of fresh water fish than the other two communities, suggesting that the exposure route for the pesticides should be different from the two agricultural communities. In the second year, a modified "spot-check" method was used to clarify the activity pattern of the subject children, and samples of drinking water and freshwater fish were collected, which enabled us to quantitatively evaluate the contribution of water/food to the exposure. Another interview survey was conducted to examine the usage and storage of pesticides, which revealed that approximately 30% of the subject households have been using pesticide(s) with moderate or severe toxicity, but half of the households were keeping them inside the house. Thus, possible exposure through such uncontrolled storage was suggested. Finally, many households in the P village used the reservoir water for their daily living including drinking. Less