Eclipse and Mutation: The end of the sun temple of Heliopolis (Egypt)

赫利奥波利斯是古埃及宗教和文化的象征。赫利奥波利斯崇拜通过创世神话解释了埃及的政治秩序。世界上很少有其他地方有由尺子赞助的持续朝拜传统不少于2400年。它被认为是古埃及智慧的源泉，据说把欧洲科学和哲学的先驱(例如柏拉图)带到了这座寺庙和它的图书馆。在现代，泰米诺斯的城市遗址-夹在建筑物、堆积如山的垃圾和不断上升的地下水位之间-被广泛认为是没有纪念碑的。然而，埃及-德国考察团进行的第一次系统发掘(2012-2019年)揭示了该遗址随时间推移的古景观和地形，以及公元前4-1千年的重要个别古迹和特征。寺庙的暮色：拟议的项目(2021-2023年)首次涉及泰米诺斯神庙最新阶段的建筑和金石学，这是它具有国际声誉的最后一个时期。公元前4世纪的上层仍然可以通过地球物理调查和挖掘来记录，几乎在遗址的任何地方。尤其是不同时期的建筑和纪念碑的共存问题，人们还没有很好地了解。该研究计划将重点放在主要的德罗莫斯保护区和三个保护区的遗迹上，这些保护区是通过2017-2019年进行的地球物理调查和探空船确定的。该项目还将调查文物和旅游部当地储藏室中保存的建筑元素，特别是寺庙的最后阶段。在1950-1985年间进行的未出版的埃及发掘将成为档案研究的主题。该项目还将对从亚历山大港运到罗马和其他地方的相当数量的赫利奥波利斯纪念碑重新定位，以便更准确地了解埃及赫利奥波利斯保护区的视觉性质。拟议项目的后续阶段(2024-2026年)将在Temenos的南部周边进行挖掘，提供小型保护区和仪式准备设施的证据。原因研究：拟议项目的第二部分调查了历史上忽视Heliopolis的原因。这座神庙在公元前4世纪末突然失去了皇室的庇护，导致在希腊-罗马时期物品的重复使用和移动，而赫利奥波利斯继续生活在文字文化中。记忆的痕迹：赫利奥波利斯是埃及唯一一个在希腊-罗马时期被拆解的主要避难所，当时埃及大多数其他避难所仍然活跃。在拟议项目的下一阶段(2024-2026年)，将全面记录和解释该遗址遗产的重新利用程度。

Heliopolis is an icon of ancient Egyptian religion and culture. The cult of Heliopolis explains the political order of Egypt through the myth of creation. Few other places worldwide have a continuous tradition of worship sponsored by rulers for a period of no less than 2,400 years. Its reputation as a source of the wisdom of Ancient Egypt supposedly brought the progenitors of European science and philosophy (e.g. Platon) to this temple and its library. In modern times the urban site of the temenos – sandwiched bet¬ween constructions, mountains of garbage, and a rising groundwater level – was widely considered to be devoid of monuments. The first systematic excavations undertaken by the Egyptian-German Mission (2012-2019) revealed, however, the first evidence the paleo-landscape and topography of the site through time, as well as important individual monuments and features of the 4th–1st millennium BCE.Twilight of a temple: The proposed project (2021-2023) addresses for the first time the architecture and epigraphy of the temenos in its latest phase, representing the last period when it had international fame. The upper layers of the 4th century BCE can still be documented by geophysical survey and excavations almost everywhere at the site. Especially the coexistence of structures and monuments of various periods is still not well understood. The research program will focus on the remains of the main dromos and three sanctuaries that have been identified by geophysi¬cal surveys and sondages carried out from 2017-2019. The project will also investigate the architectural elements preserved in the local storerooms of the Ministry of Antiquities and Tourism, with a specific focus on the temple’s last phase. Unpublished Egyptian excavations carried out from 1950-1985 will be the subject of archival stu¬dies. The project will furthermore re-contextualize the considerable number of Heliopolitan monuments that were shipped from Alexandria to Rome and other locations in order to generate a more precise idea about the visual nature of the Heliopolitan sanctuary in Egypt. A subsequent phase of the proposed project (2024-2026) will carry out excavations in the southern perimeter of the temenos with evidence for minor sanctuaries and facilities for ritual preparations.Causal study: A second component of the proposed project investigates the reasons for the historical neglect of Heliopolis. The temple suddenly lost its royal patronage in the late 4th century BC resulting in the reuse and movement of objects during the Greco-Roman Period, while Heliopolis continued to live in the textual culture.Traces of Memory: Heliopolis was the only major sanctuary in Egypt to be disassembled during the Greco-Roman Period, when most other sanctua¬ries in the country remained active. The extent of this re-purposing of the heritage of the site will be comprehensively documented and interpreted in the subsequent phase of the proposed project (2024-2026).