Comparative Research on the Creating of Innovation Clusters in the US and Japan -In search for Bases of Assisting Policies to High-tech Venture Businesses-

20世纪90年代，美国经济在高科技产业的发展和信息技术的迅速兴起的基础上，经历了长期的繁荣。在大学与产业政府的合作下，通过衍生风险企业的聚集而形成的高科技产业区带来了经济的繁荣。在这些繁荣时期，高科技工业区从波士顿和硅谷扩散到美国所有拥有高水平研究型大学的地区。这个研究项目的结构是为了澄清“奥斯汀模式”的事实和逻辑，该模式被认为是美国其他地方创建高科技工业区最成功的模式，而不是硅谷。“奥斯汀模式”被认为是美国经济在20世纪80年代和90年代从以大企业为主的“企业美国”向以新兴风险公司快速增长为主的“创业美国”转变过程中实现复兴的机制，因为奥斯丁首先通过邀请由大企业赞助的MCC、SEMATECH等产业联盟创建高新技术产业区，然后将重点转向协助从这些产业联盟中分离出来的风险公司。导致20世纪90年代高科技地区出现了类似硅谷的风险投资公司聚集。“奥斯汀模式”对于知识经济时代的新经济政策和区域政策具有十分重要的意义。根据我们的研究项目，“奥斯汀模式”显示了以位于该地区的大学和研究机构的研究成果为基础，以技术、风险资金和高水平人力资源的三边混合网络为基础的新系统对协助分拆风险公司的重要性。我们将这种新的辅助系统称为创新集群，它可以由影响者组织起来，填补地方向知识经济转型所产生的“结构性漏洞”。

During 1990s, the US Economy had enjoyed long prosperity based on the Growth of High-tech Industries with rapid emergence of Information Technology. The economic prosperity was brought by the High-tech Industrial Regions created through the agglomerations of spin-off venture firms from the collaborations of University-Industry Government. These had been the proliferation of High-tech Industrial Regions from Boston and Silicon-valley to all US regions with high-level research universities during these prosperous years.This research project was structured to clarify the facts and logics of "Austin Model", which was appreciated as the most successful model to create the High-tech Industrial Region in other local areas of the US than Silicon-valley. "Austin Model" was thought to show the mechanism of rejuvenation of the US Economy based on the transformation from "Corporate America" with big-businesses to "Entrepreneurial America" with fast-growing new venture firms during 1980s and 1990s, because Austin started its policy of creating High-tech Industrial Region by inviting industry consortia like MCC and SEMATECH sponsored by big-businesses, and changed its focus on assisting the spin-off venture firms from these industry consortia, resulting in high-tech region in 1990s with emerging similar venture firms agglomeration as in Silicon-valley. "Austin Model" is the very important for new economic and regional policies in the era of knowledge-based economy.According to our research project, "Austin Model" showed the importance of new system for assisting the spin-off venture firms based on research results from university and research institutes located in the region with tri-lateral hybrid networks of technology, risk-money and high level of human resources. We call this new assisting system as Innovation Cluster which can be organized by the influencer with filling up the "Structural Holes" created by the transforming to the knowledge-based economy in local areas.