Origin and evolution of organisms distributing isolatedly in Australia

澳大利亚的植物群和动物群受到了几种事件的影响，如与其他大陆长期持续（> 10，000，000年）的隔离，过去几百万年的气候酸化，土著人的到来和伴随而来的50，000年的火灾制度的变化，以及过去200年西方人的种植园。在本研究项目中，我们分析了这些事件的影响，在澳大利亚孤立分布的生物的进化和存在，通过使用各种分子标记。收集了澳大利亚蒲葵属的所有分类单元，并进行了系统发育分析。推测澳大利亚蒲葵属物种均为单系，当蒲葵属物种的祖先到达澳大利亚时，发生了快速的物种形成和对各种环境的辐射。澳大利亚白蚁Amitermes laurensis的遗传距离和地理距离之间的关系被推断为不仅受到当前地理条件的影响，而且还受到冰河时期的过去条件的影响。一种濒临灭绝的哺乳动物物种，banteng，最近被引入澳大利亚，种群数量已发展到5 000只。我们发现这个群体是纯的，没有与家牛杂交或渐渗。有人提议将澳大利亚大陆的部分地区开发为世界濒危生物的避难所。

Flora and fauna of Australia had been affected by several kinds of events, such as the long continued (>10,000,000 years) isolation from other continents, acidification of the climate in the last several million years, arrival of aborigine people and accompanying changes in fire regime for 50,000 years and plantation of Western people in last 200 years. In the present research project, we analyzed the effects of these events on the evolution and existence of organisms distributing isolatedly in Australia by using a variety of molecular markers. We collected all taxa of genus Livistona in Australia, and made a phylogenetic analysis. It was inferred that all of Australian Livistona species were monophyletic, and rapid speciation and radiation to the various environment occurred when the ancestry of Livistona species arrived in Australia. The relationship between genetic and geographic distances of Australian termite Amitermes laurensis was inferred to be affected by not only the present geographic conditions but also the past conditions in the era of the glacial period. An endangered mammal species, banteng, was recently introduced to Australia and the population had been developed as large as 5,000. We found the population was pure and not hybridized or introgressed with domestic cattle. A proposal to exploit parts of Australian continent as sanctuaries of endangered organisms of the world was made.