Analyses of the basic theory of motor learning in a leaching action -generalization, feedback information, and image training-

根据错误学习理论，在不依赖视觉反馈的情况下进行快速运动需要建立内部模型。基于这一理论，我们对运动学习过程中的促进作用进行了多项研究。在前三个实验中，我们要求受试者执行水平到达任务，包括将光标从阴极射线管（CRT）上显示的起点移动到终点。当手在指定的时间内移动过每个点时，任务被评估为成功。任务的评估结果立即显示在CRT上。成功率的增加作为运动学习促进效果的指标。实验1。我们比较了受试者在练习朝一个方向伸手之前和之后朝多个方向伸手的成功率。我们观察到学习效应在到达方向上的适度泛化。实验2。我们比较了有和没有显示受试者手的轨迹的成功率。显示轨迹时的成功率明显高于不显示轨迹时的成功率。实验3。我们通过比较偏瘫患者使用正常上肢完成任务的结果和健康受试者的结果来研究模仿对运动学习的影响。在偏瘫患者中，没有发现模仿对运动学习的影响，而在健康受试者中，模仿对运动学习有影响。实验4。我们粗略地测量了识别显示在CRT上的物体的轨迹、速度和运动模式的差异的阈值，并比较了偏瘫和健康受试者的结果。阈值显示偏瘫患者的倾向性高于健康人。

According to the error-learning theory, the establishment of an internal model is necessary for performing rapid movement without depending on visual feedback. Based on this theory, we conducted several studies on the facilitation effect on the motor learning process. In the first three experiments, we asked the subjects to perform a horizontal reaching task that involved moving the cursor from a start point to an end point displayed on a cathode ray tube (CRT). The task was evaluated as successful when the hand moved through each point within the indicated time. The evaluation of the task was immediately displayed on the CRT. Increase in success rate was used as an indicator of the facilitation effect on motor learning.Experiment 1.We compared the success rate of reaching in multiple directions before and after the subjects practiced reaching in one of the directions. We observed moderate generalization of the learning effect on the direction of reaching.Experiment 2.We compared the success rate of reaching with and without the display of the trajectory of the subject's hand to the subject. The success rate was significantly higher when the trajectory was displayed than when it was not displayed.Experiment 3.We investigated the effect of imitation on motor learning by comparing the results of hemiplegic patients performing the task by using their unaffected upper extremities with the results of healthy subjects. In the hemiplegic patients, the effect of imitation was not detected, while imitation was found to have an effect on motor learning in the healthy subjects.Experiment 4.We roughly measured the threshold for recognizing the difference in trajectory, speed, and movement pattern of the object displayed on the CRT and compared the results between hemiplegics and healthy subjects. The thresholds revealed higher tendency in the hemiplegics than in healthy subjects.