Negotiating Modern Sino-Muslim (Hui) Subjectivities, 1900-1960: Reforming Islam in China

该项目的重点是形成一个现代自我形象的中国穆斯林在二十世纪。这种自我形象必须在穆斯林和现代中国人之间定位。虽然穆斯林身份和中国公民身份之间的复杂紧张关系只是在最近几年才引起国际关注，与政府对伊斯兰教“中国化”的措施有关，但它自清末以来一直存在，并因中华民国的形成而加剧。在世纪上半叶，伊斯兰传统与现代化能否以及如何调和的问题是众多中国穆斯林平面媒体讨论的主题。对这些话语的重建和分析是本研究的核心，其中一些主题和论证模式至今仍然有效。关于中国伊斯兰教改革的讨论只是关于现代中国穆斯林主体性出现的更广泛话语的一个方面。对我们来说，主观性是一个关键的分析术语，用于描述话语中表达和形成的解释和行动、习惯、评价、自我形象和感受的主观空间。中国-穆斯林主体性在20世纪出现在一个话语框架中，这个框架是由地方传统、现代化、国家政治和跨国伊斯兰网络塑造的。该项目旨在研究这些因素之间的联系所产生的动态，以及它们对现代穆斯林主体性形成的影响。与以国家为中心的方法相比，主体性的概念有助于我们理解中国穆斯林，而不是被动地暴露在政治发展中，而是使他们成为可见的行动者。通过话语和网络分析的结合，将讨论四个主题领域：（1）对伊斯兰教的理解从苏菲派和思辨哲学的基础转向圣经主义，同时倾向于规范穆斯林的实践; 2）通过教育改革创造现代的习性和知识; 3）性别特定的虔诚和身体知识的标准化;（4）对现代经济理性的反动。直到今天，这四个方面在中国穆斯林主体性的谈判中起着结构性的作用。因此，分析中华民国时期关于这些问题的争论不仅具有历史意义，而且还将增进我们对当代中国穆斯林的理解，他们对中国国家的态度，以及他们在全球伊斯兰话语中的地位。

The project focuses on the formation of a modern self-image of Chinese Muslims in the twentieth century. This self-image had to position itself between being a Muslim and a modern Chinese national. Although the intricate tension between Muslim identity and Chinese citizenship has attracted international attention only in recent years in connection with government measures toward the "sinification" of Islam, it has existed since the end of the Qing Dynasty and was intensified by the formation of the Chinese nation-state of the Republic. In the first half of the twentieth century, the question of whether and how the Islamic tradition and modernization could be reconciled was the subject of discussions that are reflected in numerous Sino-Muslim print media. The reconstruction and analysis of these discourses, some of whose themes and patterns of argumentation are still effective today, are at the center of the project.The discussions about a reform of Chinese Islam are only one aspect of a broader discourse about the emergence of a modern Sino-Muslim subjectivity. For us, subjectivity serves as a key analytical term that is used to describe subjective spaces of interpretation and action, habitus, evaluations, self-images, and feelings that are articulated and formed in discourses. Sino-Muslim subjectivities emerged in the twentieth century in a discursive framework that was shaped by local traditions, modernization, national politics, and transnational Islamic networks. The project aims to examine the dynamics arising at the nexus of these factors, and their impact on the formation of modern Muslim subjectivities. In contrast to state-centered approaches, the concept of subjectivity helps us to understand Chinese Muslims not as passively exposed to political developments, but rather to make them visible as actors. In a combination of discourse and network analysis, four thematic areas will be addressed: (1) shifts in the understanding of Islam from a foundation in Sufism and speculative philosophy to scripturalism, with a simultaneous tendency to standardize Muslim practice; 2) creation of a modern habitus and episteme through reforms in education; 3) standardization of gender-specific piety and bodily knowledge; 4) reactions to modern economic rationalities. To this day, these four areas play a constitutive role in the negotiation of Muslim subjectivities in China. Analysis of the debates on these issues during the Chinese Republic is therefore not only of historical interest but will also improve our understanding of contemporary Chinese Muslims, their attitudes towards the Chinese state, and their position within global Islamic discourses.