'Bartmann goes global' - the cultural impact of an iconic object in the early modern period

在世界各地的考古遗址上发现的所有早期现代德国产品中，最容易辨认的是带有独特的男性胡须面罩和应用徽章的石器容器，这些奖章有不同的名称，如“灰胡子”、“大胡子人”、“贝拉明”或“巴特曼罐”。大多数典型的Frechen陶器位于莱茵兰科隆郊外，但也在德国和比利时的其他中心制造，通常与饮用和储存液体有关，这些器皿构成了可以追溯到中世纪的更广泛的莱茵兰石器市场的一部分。独特的巴特曼形式被大量生产：根据17世纪粘土开采的记录，弗雷琴的生产量估计为每年539.000至1360,000艘。大多数是专门为出口而制造的，主要是出口到英国或荷兰，它们在广泛的考古背景下被发现，主要可以追溯到大约1500-1750年，在伦敦和阿姆斯特丹等主要城市中心，在较小的遗址和沉船中发现。作为殖民扩张的结果，他们被带到世界各地，发生在早期的欧洲定居点，如弗吉尼亚州的詹姆斯敦。通过收集和解释‘大数据’并利用科学分析，这个项目旨在通过一个新的国际、综合、跨学科和互动的项目来扩大我们对这件非常重要的标志性文物的理解，以推动巴特曼研究的前沿不仅在欧洲西北部，而且在全球范围内。该项目的中心目标是，通过研究生产者/来源、市场和消费者之间的关系以及大约1500-1750年发现莱茵石器的文化背景，实现对巴特曼壶在全球范围内的重要性的更广泛的学术、专业和公众理解。这将把它定位为了解早期现代欧洲的技术发展、文化意义、交流手段、贸易和全球化的资源。该项目的主要目的和目标将通过定制工作包来实现，这些工作包侧重于六个关键的经验目标--对档案来源进行彻底审查；确定明确的术语和排版年表；确定莱茵和英国石器的结构特征；确定巴特曼的社会和文化影响；确定莱茵石器对陶瓷创新/适应的影响；确立巴特曼在全球贸易和消费中的作用。我们将研究欧洲西北部和英国、北美殖民地、各个沉船地点以及世界各地、非洲、南美和东南亚的贸易联系。这将产生一本最多150.000字的英文开放获取卷的主要出版物，作为MOLA专著丛书的一部分；在开放获取的国际学术同行评议期刊上发表一系列文章；一本关于巴特曼水壶演变的手册；一个博士学位；以及一次国际会议。我们将积极让公民科学家参与，通过一个带有众包在线数据库的项目网站传播我们的项目，与博物馆观众和从业者团体建立联系，通过我们机构的社交媒体渠道和非学术标题的文章宣传该项目。拟议的研究及其目的和目标将通过英国和德国一系列学科领域和专业背景的研究人员之间建立的合作伙伴关系来实现，主要是MOLA和来自LVR-LMB、LVR-ABR、Tübingen大学和波恩大学的德国学者。该应用程序将与其他德国博物馆以及欧洲其他地方(如美国弗吉尼亚州)的博物馆、历史学家和考古学家合作进一步塑造和开发。

The most recognizable of all German products of the early modern period, encountered on archaeological sites across the world, is the stoneware container with distinctive male bearded face mask and applied medallions, variously known as the 'greybeard', 'bearded man', Bellarmine or Bartmann jug. Most typical of the Frechen potteries located just outside Cologne in the Rhineland, but also made at other centres in Germany and Belgium, and usually associated with drinking and storing liquids, these vessels form part of a wider market for Rhenish stonewares that dates back to the Middle Ages. The distinctive Bartmann form was produced in huge quantities: estimates of the production volumes at Frechen, based on 17th-century records for clay extraction, propose 539.000 to 1.360.000 vessels per year. Most were specifically made for export, mainly to England or the Netherlands, and they are found in a wide range of archaeological contexts, mainly dating to c. 1500-1750, in major urban centres such as London and Amsterdam, on smaller sites and in shipwrecks. As a result of colonial expansion they were carried across the world, occurring in early European settlements such as Jamestown, Virginia. By gathering together and interpreting 'big data' and drawing on scientific analyses, this project aims to expand our understanding of this highly significant and iconic artefact in a new international, integrated, interdisciplinary and interactive project to advance the frontiers of Bartmann research not only in north-west Europe but on a global scale.The central objective of the project is, by studying the relationships between producer/source, market and consumer and the range of cultural contexts in which Rhenish stonewares are found c. 1500-1750, to achieve a broader academic, professional and public understanding of the importance of the Bartmann jug across the globe. This would position it as a resource for understanding technological development, cultural significance, means of communication, trade and globalisation in early modern Europe. The main aims and objectives of the project will be achieved by means of bespoke work packages focussing on six key empirical objectives - to carry out a thorough review of archive sources; to establish a definitive terminology and typochronology; to establish fabric characterisation of Rhenish and English stoneware; to establish the social and cultural impact of the Bartmann; to establish the impact of Rhenish stoneware on ceramic innovation/adaptation; to establish the role of the Bartmann in global trade and consumption. We will be examining trade connections in NW Europe and Britain, in the N American colonies, from various shipwreck sites and worldwide, in Africa, south America and south-east Asia. This will result in a major publication in a single open access volume of up to 150.000 words in English, as part of the MOLA Monograph Series; a series of articles in international academic peer-reviewed journals with open access; a handbook on the evolution of Bartmann jugs; a PhD; and an international conference. We will actively involve Citizen Scientists, disseminate our project via a project website with a crowdsourced online database, connect with museum audiences and practitioner groups, and advertise the project via our institutions' social media channels and in articles for non-academic titles.The research proposed and its aims and objectives will be realised through partnership built between researchers across a range of subject areas and professional settings in the United Kingdom and Germany, primarily MOLA and German academics from LVR-LMB, LVR-ABR, Tübingen University and the University of Bonn. The application will be further shaped and developed in partnership with other German museums and with museums, historians and archaeologists elsewhere in Europe and beyond (e.g. in Virginia, USA).