Addressee in syntax

鉴于两种经验现象：(i)同位性，（ii）带第二人称主语的祈使句，最近的文献认为，话语的收信人是在句法内部表示的。然而，每一种现象背后的收件人表征是不同的。同语性，被定义为与收件人的言语一致，是位于被称为Adr的言语行为短语中的收件人的论点表示的基础（Miyagawa 2012）。相比之下，祈使句包含一个Jussive Phrase，它通过2P特征对收件人进行编码，并且仅限于祈使句（Zanuttini 2008）。这个项目旨在理解为什么这两种现象都涉及到对收件人的句法引用，应该不同地分析。为了提供语法中收件人的描述，这个项目提出了以下问题：祈使句中收件人的概念有多具体，它能否与同样负责称呼性的自由可用的Adr统一起来？为此，我们从检查虚拟指示开始。虚拟语气指令至少在两个方面挑战了收件人的句法编码：首先，它们可以出现在1P/3P主语中，这不会提供任何（与约束/协议相关的）语法证据来实例化收件人，其次，它们表现出所谓的“愿望”阅读，这不需要收件人采取行动，甚至不需要在场。这些指令收到的有限的经验和理论覆盖保证了扩展的调查，以确定是否所有指令在语法中编码特定于结构的Jussive短语。如果上述审查表明对暂称短语的支持减弱，则还需要对2P主祈使句的收件人相关属性进行另一种分析。因此，我们有必要了解关于语法中无子句类型Adr的位置和性质的变化的约束。由于同位性是Adr的直接表征，因此我们计划对同位性进行跨语言研究，重点关注其(i)特征组成，（ii）与主句中2P代词的关系，以及（iii）在嵌入子句中的分布，从而建立一个同位性理论，并通过这个理论来研究Adr。这些发现将被用来解释祈使句中的收信人限制，这反过来又允许我们为语法中的收信人提供一个（统一的）解释。

In view of two empirical phenomena: (i) allocutivity, and (ii) imperatives with a 2nd person (2P) subject, recent literature argues that the utterance addressee is represented syntax-internally. However, the addressee representations underlying each of the phenomena differ. Allocutivity, defined as verbal agreement with the addressee, underlies an argumental representation of the addressee located in the speech act phrase labeled as the Adr (Miyagawa 2012). In contrast, imperatives host a Jussive Phrase, which encodes the addressee via a 2P feature and is restricted to imperative clauses only (Zanuttini 2008). This project aims to understand why these two phenomena, both of which involve syntactic reference to the addressee, should be analyzed differently. With the goal of providing an account of the addressee in syntax, this project asks the following question: how specific is the notion of addressee in imperatives, and can it be unified with the freely available Adr, also responsible for allocutivity? To this end, we begin with examining subjunctive directives. Subjunctive directives challenge the syntactic-encoding of the addressee in at least two ways: first, they can occur with 1P/3P subjects, which do not provide any (binding/agreement related) syntactic evidence instantiating the addressee, and secondly, they manifest so-called ‘wish’-readings, which do not require the addressee to act or even be present. The limited empirical and theoretical coverage received by these directives warrants an extended survey to determine if all directives encode a construction-specific Jussive Phrase in syntax. If the above examination signals weakened support for the Jussive Phrase, it would also require an alternative analysis of addressee-related properties of 2P subject imperatives. It is therefore essential that we understand the constraints on variation with respect to the position and nature of the clause-type-free Adr in syntax. Since allocutivity is directly indicative of the Adr, we plan to conduct a cross-linguistic examination of allocutivity with focus on its (i) featural composition, (ii) relation with 2P pronouns in the main clause, and (iii) distribution in embedded clauses, to build a theory of allocutivity, and through this, of the Adr. These findings will be employed to explain addressee-restriction in imperatives, which in turn allows us to provide a (unified) account for the addressee in syntax.