Study of the Japanese Grammar Learning Materials for Chinese based on Japanese and Chinese Contrastive Studies

本研究的目的是在日汉对比研究的基础上，为面向中国人的日语语法学习材料的制作奠定基础。(i)他回顾了以往对比语言学与语言教学的关系，提出语言教学的对比研究方法应根据目的语与学习者母语表达方式的对应类型来确定。同时，张先生还获得了中国日语学习者对日语表达的语法性判断的信息，以估计中国母语者的日语语法难度。(ii)井上教授将对比研究中发现的信息运用到语言教学中，得出的结论是，日语教学中的解释通常基于日语母语者的直觉，应该通过应用汉语语法描述中使用的概念进行修改。例如，人们通常说瞬时动词的进行式（V-teiru）表达结果意义。例如，koware-teiru“坏了”。然而，这种解释对汉语来说是难以理解的，因为在汉语中，瞬时动词的进行式是不合语法的，而完成式“V了”是用来暗示结果意义的，例如"坏了/已经坏了“。汉语使用者在学习瞬时动词进行式的意义时，应将其解释为完成式而不是结果式。(iii)森山用日语的句末助词ne、-nee、-ka分析了呼应话语的功能。日语中的呼应语有两种类型：一种是确认性的，另一种是暗示说话人正在考虑下一步该说什么的。后者通常用来暗示反对的态度。

This research aims to build a foundation of making the Japanese grammar learning materials for Chinese native speakers, based on Japanese-Chinese contrastive studies. (i) Zhang examined the relationship between contrastive linguistics and language teaching in the past, and proposed that the method of contrastive study for language teaching should be determined by the type of correspondence between expressions of the target language and the learner's native language. Zhang also got information about the judgment by Chinese learners of Japanese in China to the grammaticality of Japanese expressions, in order to estimate the difficulty of Japanese grammar for Chinese native speakers. (ii) Inoue examined how to apply the information found in the contrastive study to language teaching, and concluded that the explanations used in Japanese teaching, which are usually based on the intuition of Japanese native speakers, should be modified by application of the notions used in the grammatical description of Chinese. For example, it is usually said that the continuous form (V-teiru) of instantaneous verbs expresses a resultative meaning. e.g. koware-teiru 'is broken'. This explanation, however, is difficult for Chinese to understand, since in Chinese, the continuous form of instantaneous verbs is ungrammatical, and the perfect form "V-le" is used to imply a resultative meaning, e.g. huai-le 'broke / has been broken'. When Chinese speakers learn the meaning of continuous forms of instantaneous verbs, it should be explained as perfect rather than resultative. (iii) Moriyama analyzed the function of echo utterances using the sentence final particles-ne,-nee and-ka in Japanese. There are two types of echo utterance in Japanese : that which is uttered for confirmation and that which implies the speaker's attitude that s/he is considering what to say next. The latter is often used to imply the attitude of objection.