A Study on Early Modern German Trade Cities and the European International Trade

德国位于中欧，继续连接着欧洲的每一个部分。在德国统一为国家之前，交通的地理背景造就了许多错综复杂的贸易路线运行的地区和许多重要的贸易城市。本研究的目的是考察近代德国晚期、中期和早期贸易城市的贸易关系和范围，这些贸易城市连接了德国和欧洲的各个地区。本研究以德国汉萨的两个港口城市和一个陆上贸易城市--吕贝克、汉堡和莱比锡三个主要贸易城市为研究对象。在研究报告的第一章中，以波罗的海西部地区的国际形势作为汉萨国际贸易的背景。从第二章对卢贝克与波罗的海的贸易关系的考察中，我们发现波罗的海沿岸有三个以卢贝克为中心的贸易区，即1.波罗的海地区，2.波罗的海-北海地区，3.波罗的海西南地区。总体而言，在汉萨扩张时期，卢贝克与俄罗斯-利沃尼亚产品贸易处于波罗的海-北海贸易区的中心位置，因此我们在本章的补充部分中考察了卢贝克的俄罗斯-利沃尼亚贸易。第三章是对近代晚期、中后期和近代早期汉堡贸易发展关系的研究。第四章是对莱比锡与汉堡和波兰的贸易关系的研究，作为东西欧大陆贸易的例证。在结论中，我们指出了对德国贸易城市(汉萨-梅塞施塔特)进行进一步研究的必要性，以此来比较“国家历史”。

Germany is situated in Central Europe and has continued to connect every part of Europe. This geographical background of traffic created areas in which many intricate trade routes were running and many important trade cities developed before the unification of Germany as a national state.The aim of this Study is to investigate the trade relations and extent of the late middle and early modern German trade cities which connected Germany with various districts of Europe. This study is focused on three main trade cities, Lubeck, Hamburg and Leipzig, that is to say two port towns of the German Hansa and one overland trade city.In the first chapter of the research report, international conditions of the western Baltic region are taken up as the background for Hanseatic international trade.From the investigation in the second chapter about Lubeck's trade relations with the Baltic, we found along the Baltic coasts three trade areas centering on Lubeck, namely, 1. the Baltic Sea area, 2. the Baltic-North Sea area, 3. the south-west Baltic Sea area. Generally speaking, Lubeck was situated at the center of the Baltic-North Sea trade area with the trade of Russian-Livonian products during the expanding era of the Hansa, so we examine Lubeck's Russian-Livonian trade in the supplement of this chapter.The third chapter consists of the research on Hamburg's trade development relations in the late middle and early modern ages. Particularly we made clear a part of the importance concerning Hamburg's trade with the continental hinterland.The fourth chapter contains a study about Leipzig's trade relations with Hamburg and Poland as examples of trade between east and west continental Europe.In the conclusion we point out the necessity for further investigation on the German trade city (Hansa-Messestadt) in order to relativize the "national history".