Effects of personality, cognition, affection, attitude, and information on inappropriate behaviors

本研究旨在探讨：1)决策方式（直觉型）、大众媒体（报纸、新闻广播和信息娱乐）、认知因素（感知成本和收益、生活风险感知、道德感和风险可控性）、情感因素（预期后悔）和态度因素（促进和抑制因素）对三种生活风险情境（生活方式相关疾病、NEET和多次消费贷款）中回避行为的影响；2)封闭环境（1个月的划船训练营）下，人格（外向性、亲和性、严谨性、开放性和神经质五因素模型）对认知因素、压力应对和行为的影响；(3)在吸烟和非法拷贝音乐cd两种情况下，信息对认知因素和行为变化的影响。结果表明：1)生命风险回避行为涉及两个过程：（1a）感知成本和收益（认知因素）影响三种生命风险情境中由态度介导的回避行为；（1b）道德感、生命风险感知（认知因素）和决策风格（认知因素）影响两种情境（NEET和多重消费贷款）中由情感和态度介导的回避行为；2)高外向性、高宜人性、高尽责性的个体能够很好地应对压力，不会做出不恰当的行为（如把自己的沮丧情绪发泄到别人身上或退出训练营）；(3)向表达不当行为的个体提供适当的信息，以改变他们对社会不当行为的认知。例如，（3a）通过比较那些看到带有极端警示性声明的加拿大香烟包装的人与看到带有简单警示性声明的日本香烟包装的人，那些看到带有更极端警示性声明的加拿大香烟包装的人比看到日本香烟包装的人更强烈地认为他们可以戒烟，（3b）在看到关于cd拷贝控制的积极信息后，道德感高的人比道德感低的人更强烈地认为需要维护音乐版权。这些结果表明，为了改变个体的不当行为，有必要：1)提供适当的信息，考虑到个体差异；2)鼓励深思熟虑的决策。少

The purpose of this study was to examine : 1) the effects of decision-making style (intuitive I deliberate), access to mass media (newspapers, newscasts, and infotainment), cognitive factors (perceived cost and benefit, life-risk perception, moral sense, and risk controllability), affection (anticipated regret), and attitude (facilitatory and inhibitory factors) on avoidance behavior in three life-risk situations (lifestyle-related diseases, NEET, and multiple consumer loans) ; 2) the effects of personality (Five Factor Model : extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness, and neuroticism) on cognitive factors, stress coping, and behavior in an enclosed environment (boat training camp for a month) ; and 3) the effects of information on changes in cognitive factors and behavior in two situations (smoking and illegal copying of music CDs). Results illustrated that : 1) two processes were involved in avoidance behavior of life risks : (1a) perceived cost and benefit (cognitive … More factor) affected avoidance behavior mediated by attitude in the three life-risk situations investigated, and (1b) moral sense, life risk perception, (cognitive factors) and decision-making style affected avoidance behavior mediated by affection and attitude in two of the situations investigated (NEET and multiple consumer loans) ; 2) individuals with high extroversion, agreeableness, or conscientiousness could properly cope with stress and did not behave inappropriately (for example, take out their frustration on others or drop out of training camp) ; and 3) it was important to present the appropriate information to individuals expressing inappropriate behavior in order to change their cognitions about socially-inappropriate behavior : for example, (3a) by comparing individuals shown a Canadian packet of cigarettes bearing an extreme cautionary statement with individuals shown a Japanese packet of cigarettes bearing a simple cautionary statement, those shown the Canadian package with the more extreme cautionary statement thought more strongly that they could quit smoking cigarettes than those shown the Japanese package, and (3b) After being shown positive information regarding the copy control of CDs, individuals with high moral sense felt more strongly about the need to maintain musical copyrights than those with low moral sense. These results suggest that, in order to change an individual's inappropriate behavior, it is necessary to : 1) present the appropriate information, with consideration to individual differences, and 2) encourage deliberate decision-making. Less