Classification of Psychological Situations from the Perspective of Social Inference

大多数社会推理理论都强调人与情境的区别，但情境的研究远没有人那么受关注。本研究旨在探讨情境的心理意义，并根据情境对社会推理的影响对情境进行分类。为此进行了五项研究。在研究一中，被试对情境强度和约束的评价被纳入聚类分析，发现三种类型的情境，私人和舒适，公共和匿名，紧张和约束。研究2扩大了范围，包括情感意义的情况。因子分析和多维标度进行提取相关的维度，并获得每种情况的配置。三个实验研究，研究3，4和5处理的社会推理中的作用的情况。在研究3中，被试被要求从对行为的简要描述中推断行为者的性格。随着描述的不断完善， ...更多信息 如果目标行为是在一定的情境刺激下完成的，被试在做出相应的推理时会有困难。然而，结果表明，参与者从行为中做出相应的推断，即使他们完全理解情况的强度。在研究4中，情境推理被直接沿着与倾向性推理一起检验。对于每一个目标行为，都有很容易想到的个人和情境原因。结果表明，强烈的情境推理的情绪行为，而倾向性推理的能力相关的表现占主导地位。研究5是使用视觉刺激的实验室实验。参与者观看了两个人之间的视频记录对话，并回答了几个问题，包括回忆措施。据推测，亲身参与的参与者会将更多的注意力集中在情境上，并且更愿意做出情境推断。然而，这一假设并没有得到支持，尽管参与者似乎普遍更专注。少

Most theories of social inference put emphasis on person-situation distinction, but situations have attracted much less research attention than persons. This research aimed at exploring the psychological meanings of the situations and classifying them in terms of their impact on social inference. Five studies were conducted for this purpose. In Study 1, participants' ratings of situational strength and constraint were put into cluster analysis to find three types of situations, private and comfortable, public and anonymous, and tense and constraining. Study 2 extended the scope to include emotional meanings of situations. Factor analysis and multidimensional scaling were conducted to extract relevant dimensions and to obtain configuration of each situation. Three experimental studies, Study 3, 4 and 5 dealt with the role of situations in social inference. In Study 3, participants were asked to infer actors' dispositions from brief descriptions of behaviors. As the descriptions suggeste … More d that target behaviors were done at some situational instigation, participants should have difficulty in drawing correspondent inferences. However, results indicated that participants make correspondent inferences from behaviors, even when they fully understood the strength of the situations. In Study 4, situational inferences were examined directly along with dispositional inferences. For each target behavior, there were both personal and situational causes that could easily come to mind. Results suggested that strong situational inferences were made for emotional behaviors, whereas dispositional inferences were predominant for ability-related performances. Study 5 was a laboratory experiment using visual stimulus. Participants watched video-recorded conversation between two persons and answered several questions including recall measures. It was hypothesized that participants who were personally involved would direct more attention to the situation and would be more willing to make situational inferences. However, this hypothesis was not supported, though involved participants seemed to be more attentive generally. Less