An Experimental Study of the Inferential Asymmetry in Attribution Judgment

归因判断中推理不对称性的实验研究

• 批准号: 12610122
• 负责人: TOYAMA Midori
• 金额: $ 0.83万
• 依托单位: Gakushuin University (2001-2002)Osaka University (2000)
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 2000
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 2000 至 2002
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-12610122/
• 关键词: social cognition; attribution process; inference; cognitive bias; prediction; perceptual salience; 対人認知

The distinction between dispositional and situational attribution has been widely accepted in attribution theory. However, previous research found asymmetry in weighing each type of causal factors, suggesting overemphasis upon dispositional causes. Fundamental attribution error is one of its manifestations. Three experiments were conducted to elucidate this inferential asymmetry found in attribution research. In Experiment 1, the relationship between causal attribution and prediction of behavior was examined. Participants were given information about several persons' behaviors in particular situations, some of which were personality-implying behaviors and others were emotions. One group of participants was asked to predict behavior from the person across situations and other participants predicted behavior from the situation across people. Results indicated that participants were more confident predicting personality-implying behavior from people than from situations but were more conf … More ident predicting emotions from situations than from people. Two-way ANOVA revealed a significant interaction between the direction of prediction and behavior types. The main effect of the direction of prediction was also significant, indicating that participants tended to predict behavior more readily from people than from situations. With regards to causal attribution, participants attributed emotions more to situations and personality-implying behaviors more to people. In Experiment 2 and 3, the effects of perceptual salience upon the inferential asymmetry were examined. Participants watched the video-recorded conversation between two persons (Exp.2) or computer graphics involving four characters (Exp.3). One of the characters was made perceptually salient and the effects of the salience upon correspondent inference and dominance rating were measured. Results indicated that the actual utterance of each person was the main determinant of dominance rating and the effect of perceptual salience was negligible. More research is needed to explore the salience effects further. Less

在归因理论中，倾向性归因和情境性归因的区别已被广泛接受。然而，先前的研究发现，在权衡每种类型的因果因素不对称，这表明过度重视性格原因。基本归因错误是其表现形式之一。本研究通过三个实验来解释归因研究中的推理不对称现象。在实验1中，因果归因和行为预测之间的关系进行了研究。参与者被告知一些人在特定情况下的行为，其中一些是个性暗示行为，另一些是情绪。一组参与者被要求预测不同情况下的人的行为，其他参与者则预测不同情况下的人的行为。结果表明，与情景相比，参与者更有信心从人的角度预测暗示个性的行为，但更确信 ...更多信息 从情境中而不是从人中预测情绪。双向方差分析显示，预测方向和行为类型之间存在显著的相互作用。预测方向的主效应也很显著，这表明参与者倾向于从人而不是从情境中预测行为。在因果归因方面，参与者将情绪更多地归因于情境，将个性暗示行为更多地归因于人。实验二和实验三考察了知觉显著性对推理不对称性的影响。参与者观看两个人之间的视频记录对话（实验2）或涉及四个字符的计算机图形（实验3）。其中一个字符被感知为显著的，并测量了显著性对相应推理和优势等级的影响。结果表明，每个人的实际话语是主导等级的主要决定因素，知觉突显性的影响可以忽略不计。需要更多的研究来进一步探索突显效应。少

项目成果

外山みどり: "行動の予測と原因帰属"日本心理学会第67回大会. (発表予定). (2003)

Midori Toyama：“行为的预测和因果归因”，第 67 届日本心理学会年会（预定演讲）（2003 年）。

坂本正浩, 外山みどり: "視覚的salienceが人物関連情報の判断に及ぼす効果-コンピュータグラフィックスを用いた検討-"日本グループ・ダイナミックス学会第50回大会発表論文集. 142-143 (2003)

Masahiro Sakamoto，Midori Toyama：“视觉显着性对个人相关信息判断的影响 - 使用计算机图形学的研究”日本团体动力学学会第 50 届年会记录 142-143 (2003)。

外山みどり, 山田歩: "知覚的顕現性と社会的推論"日本グループ・ダイナミックス学会第50回大会発表論文集. 156-157 (2003)

Midori Toyama、Ayumu Yamada：“感知显着性和社会推理”日本团体动力学学会第 50 届年会记录 156-157 (2003)。