History of the Northeast Passage

在克里斯托弗·哥伦布错过了通往印度的海上路线后，商人们沿着西伯利亚海岸寻找它：16世纪传说中的东北航道。由于21世纪的气候变化，北大西洋和北太平洋经济区之间建立亚极地贸易路线的梦想正在成为现实。到目前为止，这条航线的历史一直是通过海员传记或科学考察的棱镜来研究的。在所要求的拨款的帮助下，将写下东北航道的第一部总体历史。该项目以穿越海洋、穿越海岸和群岛为背景来考察东北航道，这意味着最重要的是，这是俄罗斯和苏联历史的一部分。这段历史包括五个世纪的远征，以及自16世纪末以来征服北极及其土著人民的历史。这是俄国哥萨克人、科学家和商人、苏联工程师、定居者和海军的杰作。该项目在(地缘)政治和经济，尤其是环境--历史和意识形态的背景下，分析和评估历史行为者的贡献。因此，它既询问了这条海上航线的全球意义，也询问了它在俄罗斯(北极)历史上的重要性。关于这些方面的补充论文正在计划中。通过关注东北航道的“俄罗斯”史前，这本书挑战了围绕着这条通往亚洲航道的“西方”航海传说。大西洋和太平洋之间的过境航行从来都不是东北航道的标志；2019年，在801次航行中，它们只占37次。相反，化石和其他西伯利亚原材料出口到亚洲和欧洲，使这条海上航线成为一条全球航线。在西方，目前东北航道的重新发现是由极地冰川融化引发的，而在俄罗斯，它是更古老的北极身份的一部分。自沙皇时代晚期以来，这条海上航线一直被用作内陆航道。早在17世纪，北开普省和白令海峡之间的五个北冰洋--东北航道的核心部分--就构成了俄罗斯经济和政治利益领域的北部边界。从历史上对海洋的使用，产生了一种法律-历史的论点。俄罗斯联邦声称对北极很大一部分航运交通进行了监管。这是一个相当有争议的说法。这本计划出版的专著旨在以档案和图书馆研究为基础对其进行解释，而不是证明其合理性。因此，这本书为目前关于北极作为潜在国际冲突领域的讨论增加了一个历史视角。这就是为什么东北航道的故事不是只为学术读者而写的。

After Christopher Columbus missed the sea route to India, merchants sought it along the coast of Siberia: the legendary unnavigable Northeast Passage of the 16th century. Due to the climate change of the 21st century, the dream of a subpolar trade route between the North Atlantic and North Pacific economic areas is becoming a reality. So far, the history of this route has been studied through the prism of seafarers' biographies or scientific expeditions. With the help of the requested grant, the first overall history of the Northeast Passage will be written. The project examines the Northeast Passage against the background of the seas traversed, the coasts and archipelagos passed, and that means above all as part of Russian and Soviet history. This history includes the expeditions of five centuries as well as the subjugation of the Arctic and its indigenous peoples since the late 16th century. This was the work of Russian Cossacks, scientists and merchants, Soviet engineers, settlers and naval forces. The project analyses and assess the contribution of historical actors against the backdrop of (geo)political and economic and not least environmental-historical and ideological contexts. It thus asks both about the global significance of the sea route and about its importance in the (Arctic) history of Russia. Supplementary essays on these aspects are planned. By focusing on the "Russian" prehistory of the Northeast Passage, the book challenges the "Western" seafaring legends surrounding the passage to Asia. Transit voyages between the Atlantic and Pacific have never been the hallmark of the Northeast Passage; in 2019, they made up only 37 of 801 ship voyages. Rather, the export of fossil and other Siberian raw materials to Asia and Europe makes the sea route a global one.While in the West the current rediscovery of the Northeast Passage was triggered by the melting of polar ice, in Russia it is part of a much older Arctic identity. The maritime route has been used as an inland shipping lane since the late Tsarist era. As early as in the 17th century, the five Arctic seas between the North Cape and the Bering Strait - the core section of the Northeast Passage - formed the northern border of the Russian economic and political sphere of interest. From the historic use of the sea, a legal-historical argument derives. The Russian Federation claims the regulation of a good part of the Arctic shipping traffic.This is a rather controversial claim. The planned monograph aims to explain, not justify, it on the basis of archival and library research. The book thus adds a historical perspective to the current discussion on the Arctic as a potential field of international conflict. That is why the story of the Northeast Passage is not written for a scholarly reading public alone.