Comparative Investigation on Development Pressures and Development Control Systems on Urban Fringes between England and Japan

我们对日本城市边缘发展压力的调查揭示了两点。首先，总体开发压力正在减少，特别是在城市边缘，但距离东京市中心不远以及日本铁路公司车站附近的便利地区的住房需求正在增加。在崎玉县的这些地区，正在建造超过100米的高层住宅楼。第二，相反，在放松管制的刺激下，商业的发展越来越广泛和无政府状态。我们观察到英国发展压力的三个特征。首先，住房需求非常大，特别是在包括伦敦在内的东南部地区，因为基于工业和地缘政治变化的国内和国际人口流动。英国政府正在推进东南部由计划主导的住房开发项目，将泰晤士港、伦敦东部、从伦敦到剑桥的走廊以及从伦敦经由米尔顿·凯恩斯到西米德兰兹郡的地区指定为增长区域。其次，农村的住房需求也非常旺盛。第三，由于尊重每个城镇和乡村的独立性或特性，商业开发的分散受到很好的限制。关于规划体系中对城市边缘的控制，首先，日本和英国都在将控制权从上级(地方)政府(日本的国土交通省和县；英国的县)下放到下级政府(日本的城市、城镇和乡村；英国的地区)。其次，两国都重视总体规划的主导，而不是地方规划部门的自由裁量权。

Our investigation on the development pressures on the urban fringes in Japan revealed two points. Firstly, total development pressure is decreasing, especially on urban fringes, but the housing needs for convenient areas which are not so far from the city centre of Tokyo and also nearby the Japan Railway Company stations are increasing. The high-rising housing buildings over 100 metre are being built in such areas in Saitama Prefecture. Secondly, on the contrary, the developments for commerce are getting wider and more anarchic, which is stimulated by relaxation of regulations.We observed three characters of development pressures in England. Firstly, housing demands are very big especially in the South East including London because of domestic and international population movements based on the industrial and geopolitical changes. The UK government is advancing the plan-led housing developments in the South East, designating the areas such as Thames-gateway, the east of London, the corridor from London to Cambridge and also from London via Milton Keynes to the West Midlands as 'the growth areas. 'Secondly, housing demands for countryside are also very keen. Thirdly, the dispersions of commerce developments are well-restricted owing to respecting the independence or identity of each town and countryside.About the controls on urban fringes in planning systems, firstly, Japan and England are both devolving the control powers from upper (local) governments (Ministry of Land Infrastructure and Transportation and prefectures in Japan; counties in England) to lower ones (cities, towns and villages in Japan; districts in England). Secondly, both countries are attaching importance to being led by master plans, not by the discretions of local planning authorities.