A social and economic history of German settlements in the land of the Volga, especially on the system of land utilization and the agriculture

德国在伏尔加河沿岸定居点的社会和经济历史，特别是土地利用和农业制度

• 批准号: 12630089
• 负责人: SUZUKI Takeo
• 金额: $ 1.34万
• 依托单位: Waseda University
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 2000
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 2000 至 2001
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-12630089/
• 关键词: the Volga Germans; village Galka; the famine of 1921-22; ヴォルガ・ドイツ人; 移民; 共同体的土地利用; ストルィピン改革; 飢饉; アメリカ政府援助

1. The Germans who settled in the land of the Volga and at the south of Russia since the end of 18 century were estimated as industrious and virtuous in comparison with Russian lazy peasants. But such Germans were, needless to say, an ethnic minority in Russia and were blamed as "privileged, useless parasites" by Russian peasants and their fate was affected by the Russian modernization, the First World War, the Socialist Revolution, Stalin's regime, the Second World War and the collapse of USSR. In the history of Russia had existed always "the problem of German-Russian".2. In response to Catherine II's Manifest of December 4, 1762 and July 22, 1763 many Germans came through Luebeck, St. Petersburg and Novgorod and thereafter by land or by river to Saratov in the land of the Volga, but they had to settle not in promised paradise, but in a wasteland.3. Galka, a German village in Saratov Province, had a population of 194 in 1764, 1814 in 1849, 2709 in 1888 and 3426 in 1910, and introduced early the Russian traditional, communal system of land utilization with not so bad harvest. At the beginning of the 20th century seven-fields system had been introduced in this village.4. A great many Germans in the land of the Volga died of hunger in the famine of 1921-22. In the process of negotiation with Moscow were carried out evacuations of children, transports of provisions from inland and through the American Relief Administration, the International Relief Association for Children and other organizations in foreign countries and a way of overcoming the famine was found.

1.与俄国懒惰的农民相比，自18世纪末以来在伏尔加河和俄罗斯南部定居的德国人被认为是勤劳和善良的。但不用说，这些德国人是俄罗斯的少数民族，被俄罗斯农民指责为“特权的、无用的寄生虫”，他们的命运受到俄罗斯现代化、第一次世界大战、社会主义革命、斯大林政权、第二次世界大战和苏联解体的影响。俄罗斯历史上一直存在着“德俄问题”。为了响应凯瑟琳二世1762年12月4日和1763年7月22日的《宣言》，许多德国人通过吕贝克、圣彼得堡和诺夫哥罗德，此后通过陆路或水路来到伏尔加河流域的萨拉托夫，但他们不得不在荒原上定居，而不是在应许的天堂。加尔卡是萨拉托夫省的一个德国村庄，1764年有194人，1849年有1814人，1888年有2709人，1910年有3426人，早期引入了俄罗斯传统的公共土地利用制度，收成并不是很差。20世纪初，这个村子引入了七田制。在1921-1922年的饥荒中，伏尔加地区的许多德国人死于饥饿。在与莫斯科的谈判过程中，进行了儿童疏散，从内陆运送物资，并通过美国救济管理局、国际儿童救济协会和其他外国组织，找到了克服饥荒的方法。