A social and economic history of German settlements in the land of the Volga, especially on the system of land utilization and the agriculture

德国在伏尔加河沿岸定居点的社会和经济历史，特别是土地利用和农业制度

基本信息

批准号：
12630089
负责人：
SUZUKI Takeo
金额：
$ 1.34万
依托单位：
Waseda University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
2000
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2000 至 2001
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

1. The Germans who settled in the land of the Volga and at the south of Russia since the end of 18 century were estimated as industrious and virtuous in comparison with Russian lazy peasants. But such Germans were, needless to say, an ethnic minority in Russia and were blamed as "privileged, useless parasites" by Russian peasants and their fate was affected by the Russian modernization, the First World War, the Socialist Revolution, Stalin's regime, the Second World War and the collapse of USSR. In the history of Russia had existed always "the problem of German-Russian".2. In response to Catherine II's Manifest of December 4, 1762 and July 22, 1763 many Germans came through Luebeck, St. Petersburg and Novgorod and thereafter by land or by river to Saratov in the land of the Volga, but they had to settle not in promised paradise, but in a wasteland.3. Galka, a German village in Saratov Province, had a population of 194 in 1764, 1814 in 1849, 2709 in 1888 and 3426 in 1910, and introduced early the Russian traditional, communal system of land utilization with not so bad harvest. At the beginning of the 20th century seven-fields system had been introduced in this village.4. A great many Germans in the land of the Volga died of hunger in the famine of 1921-22. In the process of negotiation with Moscow were carried out evacuations of children, transports of provisions from inland and through the American Relief Administration, the International Relief Association for Children and other organizations in foreign countries and a way of overcoming the famine was found.

1。与俄罗斯懒惰的农民相比，自18世纪末以来定居在伏尔加省和俄罗斯南部的德国人被认为是勤奋而良好的。但是，不用说，这种德国人在俄罗斯是少数民族，被俄罗斯农民归咎于“特权，无用的寄生虫”，其命运受到俄罗斯现代化，第一次世界大战，社会主义革命，斯大林政权，第二次世界大战和USSR的崩溃的影响。在俄罗斯的历史中，始终存在着“德国俄罗斯的问题”。2。为了回应凯瑟琳二世（Catherine II）的1762年12月4日和1763年7月22日的明显，许多德国人通过卢贝克（Luebeck），圣彼得堡（St. Petersburg）和诺夫哥罗德（S.萨拉托夫省的一个德国村庄加尔卡（Galka）在1764年，1814年在1849年的人口为194，1888年的2709和1910年的3426人口，并早期引入了俄罗斯传统的传统公共土地利用体系，收获不太糟糕。在20世纪初，在这个村庄引入了七场系统。4。在1921 - 22年的饥荒中，沃尔加土地上的许多德国人死于饥饿。在与莫斯科进行谈判的过程中，进行了撤离儿童，从内陆和美国救援管理局的供应运输，国际救济协会，国际救济协会和国外的其他组织以及一种克服饥荒的方式。