A social and economic history of German settlements in the land of the Volga, especially on the system of land utilization and the agriculture

德国在伏尔加河沿岸定居点的社会和经济历史，特别是土地利用和农业制度

• 批准号: 12630089
• 负责人: SUZUKI Takeo
• 金额: $ 1.34万
• 依托单位: Waseda University
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 2000
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 2000 至 2001
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-12630089/
• 关键词: the Volga Germans; village Galka; the famine of 1921-22; ヴォルガ・ドイツ人; 移民; 共同体的土地利用; ストルィピン改革; 飢饉; アメリカ政府援助

1. The Germans who settled in the land of the Volga and at the south of Russia since the end of 18 century were estimated as industrious and virtuous in comparison with Russian lazy peasants. But such Germans were, needless to say, an ethnic minority in Russia and were blamed as "privileged, useless parasites" by Russian peasants and their fate was affected by the Russian modernization, the First World War, the Socialist Revolution, Stalin's regime, the Second World War and the collapse of USSR. In the history of Russia had existed always "the problem of German-Russian".2. In response to Catherine II's Manifest of December 4, 1762 and July 22, 1763 many Germans came through Luebeck, St. Petersburg and Novgorod and thereafter by land or by river to Saratov in the land of the Volga, but they had to settle not in promised paradise, but in a wasteland.3. Galka, a German village in Saratov Province, had a population of 194 in 1764, 1814 in 1849, 2709 in 1888 and 3426 in 1910, and introduced early the Russian traditional, communal system of land utilization with not so bad harvest. At the beginning of the 20th century seven-fields system had been introduced in this village.4. A great many Germans in the land of the Volga died of hunger in the famine of 1921-22. In the process of negotiation with Moscow were carried out evacuations of children, transports of provisions from inland and through the American Relief Administration, the International Relief Association for Children and other organizations in foreign countries and a way of overcoming the famine was found.

1. 与俄罗斯懒惰的农民相比，自18世纪末以来定居在伏尔加河沿岸和俄罗斯南部的德国人被认为是勤劳和善良的。但不用说，这些德国人在俄罗斯是少数民族，被俄罗斯农民指责为“享有特权、无用的寄生虫”，他们的命运受到俄罗斯现代化、第一次世界大战、社会主义革命、斯大林政权、第二次世界大战和苏联解体的影响。俄罗斯历史上一直存在“德俄问题”。 2．为了响应叶卡捷琳娜二世 1762 年 12 月 4 日和 1763 年 7 月 22 日的宣言，许多德国人经过吕贝克、圣彼得堡和诺夫哥罗德，然后通过陆路或河流到达伏尔加河地区的萨拉托夫，但他们不得不定居在一片荒地，而不是承诺的天堂。3。加尔卡是萨拉托夫省的一个德国村庄，1764年人口为194人，1849年为1814人，1888年为2709人，1910年为3426人，很早就引入了俄罗斯传统的公共土地利用制度，收成还不错。 20世纪初，该村实行七田制。 4．伏尔加河沿岸的许多德国人在 1921-22 年的饥荒中死于饥饿。在与莫斯科谈判的过程中，我们疏散了儿童，从内陆地区以及通过美国救济总署、国际儿童救济协会和其他国外组织运送了物资，并找到了克服饥荒的方法。