Lexical change in motion: Motion verbs and motion lexicalization from medieval to modern Romance

这项研究的重点是法语和意大利语两种罗曼语中运动词汇化模式的变化，并将考察这些变化在多大程度上可以由运动动词库存的变化来解释。该项目将特别关注动词-助词结构和带有路径卫星的运动动词方式的使用，这两种方式在“动词框架”的罗曼蒂克语言中都是非典型的。研究中的两种语言显示出不同的历史发展：虽然“卫星框架”结构在两种语言的中世纪变体中很普遍，但它们在现代法语中普遍消失，但在现代意大利语中保留下来。在杨(2016)之后，我认为一个特定规则或结构在一类词汇上的生产率来自于为该规则的存在提供了积极证据的“足够”数量的词汇，这里的“足够”指的是容忍度和充分性原则所给出的临界阈值。语言的变化源于输入结构的变化；更具体地说，是由于习得的运动动词清单的变化以及它们所在的运动词汇化结构的变化。此外，双语使用者可以通过词汇借用来影响输入的结构，从而改变接受语中特定类别的词项清单，并通过扩展在接受语中无效但在源语中有效的规则和结构来影响输入结构。总体而言，该项目将调查以下研究问题：(1)一种语言中运动动词清单的变化在多大程度上与MLC的变化有关？(2)双语使用者在多大程度上对接受国语言中MLC的发展和延伸负有责任？总而言之，研究问题涉及SILPAC的四个关键特征，考察了相似语言变化的不同阶段。问题2集中于双语者作为变革推动者的作用(关键特征2)，负责启动电子语言的变化，最终导致未来母语使用者的输入发生变化(关键特征1)。问题1更具体地关注词汇变化对运动动词论元结构的影响(关键特征3)，并使用杨氏容忍原则(TP)作为评估这些影响的学习模型(关键特征4)。

The research project focuses on changing patterns of motion lexicalization in two Romance languages, French and Italian, and will examine the extent to which these changes can be accounted for by changes in the inventory of motion verbs. The project will focus in particular on verb–particle constructions and the use of Manner of motion verbs with a Path satellite, both of which are atypical in “verb-framed” Romance languages. The two languages under investigation show differing historical developments: while “satellite-framed” structures are prevalent in medieval varieties of both languages, they have generally been lost in modern French but retained in modern Italian. Following Yang (2016), I consider that the productivity of a particular rule or construction across a class of lexemes results from a “sufficient” number of lexemes providing positive evidence for the rule’s existence, with “sufficient” here referring to thecritical thresholds given by the Tolerance and Sufficiency Principles. Language change follows from changes in the structure of the input; more specifically, from changes in the inventory of motion verbs acquired and the motion-lexicalization constructions (MLCs) in which they are attested. Moreover, bilingual speakers can affect the structure of the input both by lexical borrowing, thereby changing the inventory of lexical items in a particular class in the recipient language, and through the extension of rules and constructions which are unproductive in the recipient language but productive in the source language. Overall, the project will investigate the following research questions: (1) To what extent does change in the inventory of motion verbs in a language correlate with attested changes in MLCs? (2) To what extent are bilingual speakers responsible for the development and the extension of MLCs in a recipient language? Together, the research questions address the four key features of SILPAC, examining different stages of similar linguistic changes. Question 2 focuses on the role of bilinguals as agents of change (key feature 2), responsible for initiating changes in E-language which ultimately cause changes in the input to future L1 speakers (key feature 1). Question 1 focuses more specifically on the effects that changes in the lexicon have on the argument structure of motion verbs (key feature 3), using Yang’s Tolerance Principle (TP) as a learning model to evaluate these effects (key feature 4).