Study on the Alkaloid Production of Two Gelsemium Plants by Using their Callus Cultures and Chemical and Pharmacological Investigation of Gelsemium Alkaloids.

龙涎香和龙涎香属龙涎香科植物，毒性较强，是吲哚类生物碱的丰富来源。分别从elegans和sempervirens的叶段成功培养出了Gelsemium植物愈伤组织。通过对永无性系愈伤组织的化学研究，发现愈伤组织不产生生物碱成分。对秀丽隐杆线虫、sempervirens、马钱子（Strychnos nux-vomica）和加特纳亚（Gardneria nutans）的DNA进行了系统发育比较。分析表明，两者。gelsemum属植物形成一个簇，但它们的亲缘关系并不密切。通过对Gelsemium植物的化学成分分析，从该植物的叶片中分离到14种生物碱，其中包括4个新化合物（14,15-二羟基gelsenicine， GE-2, GE-3, GE-4）。14,15-二羟基gelsenicine是第一个具有邻二醇的Gelsemium oxindole生物碱。已知的生物碱凝胶草氨酸的结构被修正为一种具有氮杂啶单位的新型草哚。这是单萜类吲哚生物碱在分子中具有氮杂啶单位的第一个例子。从其茎中分离到14个化合物，包括3个新的氧吲哚类生物碱（GS-1、GS-2、GS-3）和1个新的环烯醚萜（GSIR-1）。其中6个化合物也从叶中分离得到。研究了代表性的Gelsemium生物碱对大鼠肝细胞（H4-II-E-C3细胞）的杀伤作用。结果表明，中药库明和人藤碱的抗肿瘤效果优于顺铂。

Gelsemium elegant and G.sempervirens belonging to Loganiaceae are known to be toxic and rich sources of indole alkaloids.Callus cultures of Gelsemium plants were successfully obtained from the leaf segments of G.elegans and G.sempervirens, respectively. By the chemical investigation of G.sempervirens callus, it became clear that the callus did not produce alkaloidal constituents.Phylogenetic comparison of DNA among G.elegans, G.sempervirens, Strychnos nux-vomica and Gardneria nutans were investigated. The analysis revealed that the two.Gelsemium plants formed a cluster but they were not closely related.By exhaustive investigation of the, constituents in Gelsemium plants, fourteen alkaloids including four new compounds (14,15-dihydroxygelsenicine, GE-2, GE-3, GE-4) were isolated from the leaves of G.elegans. 14,15-Dihydroxygelsenicine is the first Gelsemium oxindole alkaloid having a vicinal diol. The stricture of the known alkaloid, gelsemoxonine, was revised to be a novel oxindole possessing an azetidine unit. This is the first example of the monoterpenoid indole alkaloid having an azetidine unit in the molecule. From the stems of G.sempervirens, fourteen compounds including three new oxindole alkaloids (GS-1, GS-2, GS-3) and one new iridoid (GSIR-1) were isolated. Among them, six compounds were also isolated from the leaves.Lethal effect of the representative Gelsemium alkaloids on rat hepatocytes (H4-II-E-C3 cell) was evaluated. It was found that koumine and humantenine were quite effective than antitumor reagent, cisplatin.