Analysis of the function of Gastrocnemius and Soleus in ankle joint during jumping by means of physical model

这项研究考察了双关节肌肉和单关节肌肉在跳跃中与踝关节伸展相关的作用。双关节肌为腓肠肌，单关节肌为比目鱼肌。为了考察腓肠肌和比目鱼肌在运动控制中的作用，采用可改变肌肉排列方式的物理模型，在理论分析中，将两连杆系统的功能有效肌力概念应用于小腿，构建了小腿功能有效肌力概念，并对脚趾输出分配决策方法进行了研究。结果表明，当比目鱼肌和腓肠肌缩短时，脚趾的输出力方向从垂直方向变为水平方向，对跳跃有负面影响。其次，在…跳跃过程中，腓肠肌和比目鱼肌的肌长和肌肉活动的变化更多的是被检查的。用数码摄像机记录受试者垂直跳跃时的动作，计算腓肠肌和比目鱼肌肌长的变化。此外，还得到了膝关节和踝关节周围肌肉的肌电图。制作了以下执行器作为物理模型的执行器。采用弹簧作为膝关节和踝关节的伸展致动器，钢丝作为双关节肌肉的腓肠肌。将这些执行器组合在一起，制成了四个模型。模型(1)仅配备膝关节伸展致动器。模型(2)配备了膝关节伸展致动器和踝关节伸展致动器。模型(3)配备膝关节伸展致动器和双关节肌腓肠肌。模型(4)配备膝关节伸展致动器、踝关节伸展致动器和双关节肌腓肠肌。模型(1)的踝关节被固定，因为没有安装致动器的踝关节无法将动力传递到地板上。结果表明，模型跳跃高度的关系为：(3)&gt；(4)&gt；(2)≒(1)。此外，空气中旋转频率的关系为(1)&gt；(2)&gt；(4)≒(3)。这些结果表明，腓肠肌具有增加跳跃高度和稳定空中姿势的功能，而比目鱼肌没有这些功能。较少

This research examined the role of bi- and mono-articular muscles related to the extension of ankle joint in jumping. The bi-articular muscle is the Gastrocnemius and the mono-articular muscle is the Soleus. A physical model that could be changed of the muscular arrangement was used in order to examine the functions of the Gastrocnemius and the soleus to the movement control.In a theoretical analysis, the functionally effective muscular strength concept about the two link system was applied to the shank, the functionally effective muscular strength concept about the shank was constructed, and the output distribution decision method at the toe was examined. As a result, when the Soleus and the Gastrocnemius were shortened, it became clear that the direction of the output force at the toe was changed from the vertical to horizontal and that there was a negative influence for jumping.Next, the change of muscle length and the muscle activity of the Gastrocnemius and the Soleus in jumping w … More ere examined. The motions of subjects in vertical jumping were videotaped by a digital video camera, and the change of muscle lengths of the Gastrocnemius and the Soleus were calculated. Moreover, the EMGs of muscles around the knee and ankle joint were derived.The following actuators were prepared as the actuator of the physical models for jumping. The springs were applied as the extension actuator of the knee and ankle joint, and the wire was applied as the bi-articular muscle Gastrocnemius. Four models were made by combining those actuator. The model (1)was equipped with only knee joint extension actuator. The model (2)was equipped with the knee joint extension actuator and the ankle joint extension actuator. The model (3)was equipped with the knee joint extension actuator and the bi-articular muscle Gastrocnemius. The model (4)was equipped with the knee extension actuator, the ankle extension actuator and the bi-articular muscle Gastrocnemius. The ankle joint of the model (1)was fastened because the ankle joint that was not equipped with actuator was not able to transmit power to the floor. As a result, the relation of the jumping heights of the models was that (3)>(4)>(2)≒(1). Moreover, the relation of the rotary frequency in the air was that (1)>(2)>(4)≒(3). These results indicate that the Gastrocnemius has the functions of increasing jumping height and stabilizing airborne posture, and that the soleus has not those functions. Less