Interpretation of hemodynamic reaction pattern during mental stress based on attention-affect model

众所周知，精神应激时平均血压(MBP)通常会升高；根据欧姆定律，这种升高主要归因于心输出量(CO)的增加或总外周阻力(TPR)的增加。它们分别被称为心脏占优势(CD：CO↑→MBp↑)和血管占优势(VD：Tpr↑→MBp↑)反应模式。人们坚持认为，积极应对和消极应对对引发CD和VD反应模式的作用不同。然而，之前已经有相当多的发现与主动-被动应对模式相矛盾。在本研究中，我们假设，在心理应激过程中，当注意比情感更强烈时，VD反应模式被激发，而CD反应模式被激发，反之亦然。为了证明注意-情感模型相对于主动-被动应对模型的优越性，本研究进行了四项研究。在…中更多的第一项研究，注意力-情感检查表(AACL)是为了使面临精神压力的个人能够评估注意力和情感而开发的。经过因素分析和信度检验，提取了4个因素，每个因素4个项目，分别是注意力和情感。在第二项研究中，两组受试者在主动或被动应对条件下进行心算。积极应对组表现出CD反应模式，而消极应对组则表现出同样的模式，尽管不那么明显。在第三项研究中，通过准备两种心理压力(一种期望提高注意力，另一种期望提高情感：两种积极的应对条件)和他们的负重对照(都是被动的)，建立了主动和被动的应对情境。根据AACL数据对注意力-情感比率进行量化。尽管有一些保留，但相关分析表明，结果与我们的模式是一致的。在第四项研究中，研究了注意力神经网络和情感神经网络以不同方式存在的可能性。虽然是初步的，但我们已经得到了使用功能磁共振技术的这种可能性的积极证据。较少

It is well-known that mean blood pressure (MBP) is usually elevated during mental stress ; and according to Ohm's law, this elevation is attributed mainly to increases in cardiac output (CO) or to those in total peripheral resistance (TPR). They are referred to as cardiac-dominant (Cd : CO↑→MBP↑) and vascular-dominant (Vd : TPR↑→MBP↑) reaction patterns, respectively. It has been insisted that active and passive coping would contribute differently to provoking the Cd and Vd reaction patterns. However, there have been a fairly substantial amount of previous findings contradictory to the active-passive coping model. In the present research, it is assumed that during mental stress, the Vd reaction pattern is provoked when attention is relatively heightened compared with affect, whereas the Cd reaction pattern is provoked when the reverse is true. Four studies have been conducted on in order to demonstrate the superiority of attention-affect model to the active-passive coping model. In the … More first study, Attention-Affect Check List ‘AACL) was developed for the purpose of enabling individual facing mental stress to assess attention and affect. Following factor analyzing and reliability testing, four factors with four items each were extracted, including attention and affect. In the second study, two groups of subjects underwent mental arithmetic in an active or a passive coping condition. The active coping group exhibited the Cd reaction pattern ; and albeit less obviously, the passive coping group showed the same pattern. In the third study, active and passive coping situations were set up by preparing two mental stresses.(one expected to heighten attention and the other expected to heighten affect : both active coping conditions) and their yoked controls (both passive ones). Attention-affect ratio was quantified, based on AACL data. Albeit with some reservations, correlation analysis suggested that the results were in line with our mode. In the fourth study, the possibility that attentive and affective neural networks could exist differently was examined. Although preliminary, we have been getting positive evidence of this possibility using fMRI technique. Less