The Role of Water User' Association for Efficient and Equitable Use of Water Resources : The Case of Tank Irrigation in South India.

1.在印度各邦中，泰米尔纳德邦以地下水过度开采而闻名。哥印拜陀地区由于其坚硬的岩石性质，从深层含水层中抽取地下水。该地区的平均油井故障率约为49%。灌溉强度从1992年的115.5%下降到2002年的103.7%。不确定性的成本为每公顷15736卢比，而平均收入为每公顷19075卢比，这使得农民投资于威尔斯。在这种情况下，对流域活动的投资、采用井距规范、节水技术和农民教育将有助于维持坚硬岩石地区的井灌。脆弱性往往反映在经济体系的状况以及生活在该体系中的人口的社会经济特征中。本文件试图通过侧重于衡量该区域发展状况及其进一步取得进展的能力的指标，来描绘脆弱性的社会经济背景。计算脆弱性指数所采用的结构和方法沿用了Anand和Sen（1994年）为计算人类发展指数而制定的方法。我们了解到，在泰米尔纳德邦的七个农业气候带中，仅包括Kanyakumari区的高降雨带在三个不同的时间段中是最脆弱的。我们比较了替代制度与市场力量在每个微观市场与基准情况下，社会规划和分配失败的竞争机制。实证结果表明，在分配市场失灵的制度可能是首选的分销垄断，而两者都可能是由垄断力量在输入或输出市场。如果政策目标是最大限度地扩大电网规模，那么配电垄断的效果最好。

1. Among the Indian states, Tamil Nadu state is known for its groundwater over-exploitation. Coimbatore district due to its hard-rock nature extracts the groundwater from deep aquifers. The average well failure in the district is about 49 percent. Irrigation intensity has reduced from 115.5 percent in 1992 to 103.7 percent in 2002. Cost of uncertainty was Rs 15736 per hectare compared to the average income of Rs 19075 per hectare which made the farmers to invest in wells. Under these circumstances, investment in watershed activities, adoption of well spacing norms, water saving technologies and farmer education will help sustain the well irrigation in hard rock regions.2. Vulnerability is often reflected in the condition of the economic system as well as the socioeconomic characteristics of the population living in that system. This paper attempts to construct a picture of socioeconomic context of vulnerability by focusing on indicators that measure both the state of development of the region as well as its capacity to progress further. The structure and methodologies used to calculate the vulnerability index follows the approach developed by Anand and Sen (1994) for the calculation of the human development index (HDI). We come to know that high rainfall zone that includes only Kanyakumari district is the most vulnerable ones among the total of seven agro climatic zones in Tamilnadu throughout the three different time periods.3. We compare alternative institutions with market power in each micro-market with benchmark cases-social planning and a competitive regime with distribution failure. Empirical results show that the regime with market failure in distribution may be preferred to a distribution monopoly, while both may be dominated by monopoly power in the input or output markets. If the policy goal is to maximize the size of the grid, the distribution monopoly does best.