Laterality in Sports

第二个项目阶段侧重于在运动、知觉和认知水平上解释侧边依赖的表现不对称所讨论的方法的扩展。基于我们最近的发现，我们的目的是从不同的角度继续探索左撇子在互动运动中的优势。一方面，这里我们考虑与目前最受欢迎的说法有关的论点，该说法认为左撇子享有频率依赖优势。此外，我们还选择了一些通常被引用来证明左撇子先天优势的方面纳入我们的工作计划。首先，在三个反应时间实验中，我们将测试功能性半球不对称对运动中侧性效应的影响。与以往的研究不同，我们的实验考虑了互动运动的需求和特点。我们认为，左撇子对左手和右手攻击的反应延迟有显著差异，这是左撇子在近距离对抗情况下（如拳击）具有优势的另一个有意义的解释。我们反复证明，左撇子对手的动作意图比右撇子对手更难预测（负感知频率效应假说）。在节目的另一部分，我们通过实验解决与这一发现相关的问题。我们认为，运动员视觉信息获取（即视觉搜索行为）中的侧依赖策略及其对学习事件概率的依赖可能会导致左手动作预期结果时的表现下降。在第三个实验部分中，我们采用了第一个项目阶段的关键发现。在这里，我们发现，在网球比赛中，球员在面对左手对手时，也会保持他们通过增加与右撇子的比赛而获得的战术偏好，从而将自己置于一个不利于表现的位置。结合这些发现，我们测试了羽毛球运动员也会因这种行为偏好而在运动技能上表现出不对称的预测。此外，我们期望预测的运动特定运动表现的侧依赖差异与上述决策不对称之间存在正相关。最后，这个项目的第四部分涉及在第一个项目阶段开始的广泛工作的继续和完成，即检查左手和右手动作之间的运动学差异。从这项工作中获得的数据也将作为在上面提到的一些实验中使用的刺激产生的基础。

The second project phase focusses on the extension of approaches discussed for explaining sidedness-dependent performance asymmetries on a motor, perceptual and cognitive level.Based on our recent findings, the aim is to continue the exploration of a left-handers advantage in interactive sports from diverse perspectives. On the one hand, here we consider arguments that relate to the currently most favoured account which states that left-handers enjoy a frequency-dependent advantage. Moreover, we also include selected aspects that were commonly cited to prove a left-handers innate superiority into our work program.First, within three reaction time experiments we will test the impact of functional hemispheric asymmetries on laterality effects in sports. Unlike previous research, our experiments take into account the demands and characteristics of interactive sports. We expect significant differences in latencies for reacting on left- vs. right-handed attacks as another meaningful explanation for a left-handers advantage particularly in close distance confrontational situations such as boxing.We showed repeatedly that the action intentions of left-handed as opposed to right-handed opponents are harder to predict (negative perceptual frequency effect hypothesis). In another part of the program we experimentally address to questions related to this finding. We assume that side-dependent strategies in an athletes visual information pick-up (i.e. visual search behaviour) as well as their in reliance on learned event probabilities may promote the reduced performance when anticipating the outcome of left-handed actions.Within a third experimental part we take on a key finding from the first project phase. Here we showed that, as to ball placement behaviour in tennis, players maintained their tactical preferences acquired through increased play against right-handers also when they were confronted with left-handed opponents, thus placing themselves in a position detrimental to performance. Tying in with these findings we test the prediction that players in badminton would also show asymmetries in motor expertise as a consequence of such behavioural preferences. In addition, we expect a positive correlation between the predicted side-dependent differences in sport-specific motor performance and aforementioned asymmetries in decision-making.Finally, a fourth part of this project deals with the continuation and completion of the extensive work initiated in the first project phase on the examination of kinematic differences between left- and right-handed actions. The data obtained from this work will also serve as basis for the creation of stimuli used in some of the experiments noted above.