Cognitive Accessibility of Information in Interactive Systems

认知演练（CW）是一种可用性检查方法，旨在评估学习认知工件（如计算机软件）的难易程度。最新的版本，比之前的版本简化了很多，仍然很难应用到现实环境中，因为没有认知心理学和可用性评估的背景，分析师很难理解他们到底应该评估什么。困难的部分原因可能是CW问题所处理的问题与分析师可能寻找的问题之间的粒度不匹配。我们建议，如果基于适当的人机交互（HCI）模型生成CW问题，则可以缓解这种粒度不匹配。在这个项目中，我们扩展了Norman的HCI模型，纳入了“对象与行为”和“感知与理解”的区别，然后提出了一个扩展认知漫步（ECW），其问题明确地解决了识别正确对象/行为以及感知/理解它们的便性。对最新的连续武器和我们的ECW的比较评估表明，这些新引入的区别可以使连续武器更容易进行，更有效地识别可用性问题。此外，我们还确认，通过为在线ECW评估开发的软件工具，残疾人可以在自己的位置远程进行网站的ECW，而不需要他们在可用性实验室。尽管与用户一起进行测试被广泛认为是识别设计问题的有效方法，否则甚至可能被评估专家忽视，但人们也认识到，招募合适的参与者经常成为用户测试的问题。对残疾人进行测试的一个特别挑战是，根据他们的残疾类型和程度，让他们离开家参加用户测试可能非常困难，如果不是不可能的话。残疾观察的结果是有见地和有价值的，因为它们是残疾人士的第一手判断，反映了他们因个人残疾而产生的特殊需要。少

The cognitive walkthrough (CW) is a usability inspection method aimed at evaluating the ease of learning cognitive artifacts such as computer software. The latest version, much simplified from its predecessor, was still difficult to apply to real-life environment because without background in cognitive psychology and usability evaluation it would be difficult for analysts to understand what exactly they were supposed to evaluate. The difficulty may partly be due to the granularity mismatch between what CW questions address and what analysts are likely to look for. We suggest that such granularity mismatch be alleviated if CW questions are generated based on a proper model of human-computer interaction (HCI). In this project, we extended Norman's HCI model by incorporating such distinctions as "object versus action" and "perceiving versus understanding" and then proposed an Extended Cognitive Walkthrough (ECW) whose questions explicitly address the ease of identifying correct objects/ac … More tions and of perceiving/understanding them. A comparative evaluation of the latest CW and our ECW indicated that those newly-introduced distinctions could make the CW easier to conduct and more effective in identifying usability problems.In addition, we confirmed that with a software tool developed for the online ECW evaluation, persons with disabilities were able to conduct the ECW for Web sites remotely at their own location without requiring them to be in a usability laboratory. Although testing with users is widely acknowledged as an effective way of identifying design problems that may otherwise be overlooked by even evaluation specialists, it is also recognized that recruiting appropriate participants often becomes problematic for user testing. A particular challenge for testing with persons with disabilities is that depending on the types and degrees of their disabilities it can be extremely difficult, if not impossible, for them to come away from home to participate in user testing. The ECW results were insightful and valuable as they were first-hand judgments of the persons with disabilities, reflecting their particular needs arising from individual disabilities. Less