Reform Losers in the Roman Milieu at the Time of the Reform Papacy

11世纪下半叶，从一个集体组织的“圣公会”向一个等级结构日益森严、以罗马为中心的“教皇会”的转变，深刻地改变了整个拉丁基督教会，也严重影响了罗马教会的地方层面。然而，在永恒之城实施改革教皇的政治-军事和教会纠纷几乎完全是从教皇的角度进行研究的，而在这些冲突中被击败的力量在历史研究中很少受到关注。为了填补这一相当大的差距，目前的调查旨在集中在城市和文化冲突，这发生在罗马从开始的改革教皇（1046）到结束的韦伯分裂（1101）。首先，罗马贵族失去了对教皇选举的传统控制，许多罗马神职人员成为教皇反对买卖圣职斗争的牺牲品。然而，在后来的阶段，在教皇格列高利七世领导下的教会改革的等级激进化，将以改革为导向的枢机主教们推向了改革教皇的反对者阵营。这些分裂的枢机主教，谁支持反教皇克莱门特（三），留下了一个语料库的小册子，这揭示了洞察他们的教会政治和教会的观点。时运交替之后，他们终于在1101年被击败，他们选出的最后一位反教皇被公开废黜和羞辱。最终，调查应该揭露教会改革的主要人物也遭受了失败：亨伯特·冯·莫耶莫特埃和彼得鲁斯·达米亚尼成为教廷的核心人物，但他们只能在罗马环境中部分实施他们的改革关切。除了仔细重建冲突的原因和发展，研究还应该调查合法化和非合法化的对立策略，特别关注格里高利宣传的修辞结构。萨比娜·格劳尔和玛丽安·内贝林的“失败者理论”将瓦尔特·本雅明对“失败者”的思考系统化和延伸，为解构改革失败者的党派表现提供了必要的工具。在此基础上，本研究旨在强调并非所有改革的失败者都反对基督教的道德改革，因为他们中的一些人表达了其他改革的关注，这些关注部分偏离了格里高利教的观点。

The transition from a collegially organized “episcopal church” to an increasingly hierarchically structured and Rome-centered “Papal Church”, which profoundly changed the entire Latin christianitas in the second half of the 11th century, also seriously affected the Roman church in its local dimension. The politico-military and ecclesiastical disputes implementating the Reform Papacy in the Eternal City, however, have been researched almost exclusively from the papal perspective, while the forces who were defeated in these conflicts, received little attention in historical research. In order to fill this considerable gap, the present investigation aims at focussing on urban und curial conflicts, which took place in Rom from the beginning of the Reform Papacy (1046) to the end of the Wibertine schism (1101).First of all, the Roman nobility lost its traditional control over papal election and many Roman clerics fell victim to the papal fight against simony. In a later phase, however, the hierocratic radicalization of Church Reform under Pope Gregory VII drove reform-oriented cardinals into the camp of the Reform Papacy’s opponents. These schismatic cardinals, who supported the antipope Clement (III), left behind a corpus of pamphlets, which reveals insights into their ecclesiopolitical and ecclesiological views. After changing fortunes, they were finally defeated in 1101, when the last antipope elected by them was publicly deposed and humiliated. Ultimately, the investigation should expose that also main protagonists of Church Reform suffered defeats: Humbert von Moyenmoutier and Petrus Damiani become central figures in the curia, but they were only able to partially implement their Reform concerns in the Roman milieu.In addition to the careful reconstruction of the causes of and developments during the conflicts, the study should also investigate the opposing strategies of legitimation and de-legitimation with a special focus on the rhetorical constructions of the Gregorian propaganda. The “theory of losers” by Sabine Graul and Marian Nebelin, which systematized and extended the reflection of Walter Benjamin on the “Defeated”, offers essential instruments for the deconstruction of partisan representations of Reform Losers. On this basis, the study is intended to emphasise that not all Reform losers opposed a moral Reform of the christianitas, as some of them rather expressed other Reform concerns, which partially deviated from the Gregorian views.