Competition between (In)equals: Principes and Senators (1st century B.C. – 3rd century A.D.)

与人们可能假设的罗马元首制持续时间相反，个别元首的地位是不稳定的，而不是稳定的，在罗马帝国时期的古代资料的痕迹中，研究人员经常将元老院和元老院与元首的关系描述为“敌意”或概念化为“反对”。这里概述的项目对这种关系采取了更微妙的观点，并将其分析为一种竞争形式（“Konkurrenz”）。这种竞争是由帝国代表制的一个方面促成的，这是元老院精英接受罗马元首的核心，即文明：元老院，朋友，平等中的第一。该项目认为，元老和元老之间的紧张关系并非源于元老的优越性和元老的无能为力，而是源于元老之间的可比性：为了被接受为“好”，元老必须在传统的元老参照系内行事；这给参议员们提供了一个机会，把自己和他比较，赶上他，挑战他。通过从奥古斯都到“六帝之年”（公元前27年-公元238年）历时的角度考察首领和元老院之间竞争的具体星座，该项目还提出了一种迄今为止未被描述的竞争模式，并试图使其看起来合理，即处理竞争是帝国权力代表和“现实政治”以及元老院政治化生活方式的基本动机之一。因此，该项目的目的是补充当今对罗马元首制政治制度的主要解释范式。三个子项目将研究参与者和政治系统在罗马原则和元老院精英之间的竞争关系中所面临的挑战。在子项目(1)中，我自己想在专著中定义这种竞争关系的概念框架，并分析竞争的领域和形式。子项目(2)将导致博士论文，并研究互惠关系，其中的原则是作为一个法庭之友和一个机构，但他试图逃避。子项目(3)将导致另一篇博士论文，旨在主要从君主制统治的社会学观点来检查元老院反对元首的阴谋，因为竞争结构促进了对元首的挑战。这三个子项目的统一要素是检验“Konkurrenz”作为解释元首制的新范式的可行性，并得出一幅不同于当今学术界所建立的个人权力和君主制度性至高无上之间的政治秩序的微妙图景。

Contrary to what one might assume given the duration of the Roman principate, the position of the individual princeps was precarious rather than stable, and in the traces of ancient sources on the Roman imperial period, researchers have often described the relationship of senate and senators to the princeps as ‘enmity’ or conceptualized it as ‘opposition’. The project outlined here takes a more nuanced view of this relationship and analyzes it as a form of competition ("Konkurrenz"). This competition was fostered by a facet of imperial representation that was central to the acceptance of the Roman princeps among the senatorial elite, namely being civilis: a senator, a friend, a mere first among equals. The project argues that tensions between senators and principes did not result from a superiority of the princeps and a powerlessness of the senators, but rather from the comparability of the princeps: In order to be accepted as 'good', the princeps had to act within the traditional senatorial frame of reference; and this offered senators the opportunity to compare themselves to him, to catch up with him and to challenge him. By investigating the specific constellations of competition between principes and senators in a diachronic perspective from Augustus to the ‘Year of the Six Emperors’ (27 B.C.–238 A.D.), this project also presents a hitherto undescribed mode of competition and it attempts to make it plausible that dealing with competition was one of the essential motives both for imperial representation of power and 'Realpolitik' as well as for the senatorial way of politicized life. The aim of the project is thus to complement today’s dominant paradigms of interpretation of the political system of the Roman principate. Three subprojects will examine the challenges that arose for the participants and the political system from the competitive relations between Roman principes and senatorial elites. In subproject (1), I myself would like to define the conceptual framework of this competitive relationship in a monograph and analyze the fields and forms of competition. Subproject (2) will lead to a doctoral dissertation and investigate the reciprocity relations in which the princeps was involved as an amicus as well as an institution, but from which he tried to evade. Subproject (3) will lead to another doctoral dissertation and is intended to examine, primarily from a sociological viewpoint on monarchical rule, senatorial conspiracies against the princeps as challenges to the princeps promoted by structures of competition. The unifying element of the three subprojects is to examine the viability of 'Konkurrenz' as a new paradigm of interpretation for the principate, and to arrive at a differently nuanced picture of this political order between personal power and institutionally secured supremacy of the monarch than the ones established in today's scholarship.