Functional dissection of resistance mechanisms used in grapevine breeding programs for durable resistance to downy mildew

霜霉病（DM）是一种主要的葡萄病害，由葡萄浆原卵菌引起。DM导致葡萄栽培中大量使用杀菌剂，影响环境和健康。为了减少杀菌剂的使用，德国和法国的育种计划已经将野生葡萄品种的抗性位点渗入到栽培葡萄中，从而产生了对DM具有抗性的新葡萄品种。然而，这些位点介导的抗性机制尚不清楚。最近的抗性葡萄品种结合了至少两个独立的抗DM位点，以限制抗性破坏的风险，这在以前已经观察到。法国和德国的合作伙伴将结合遗传和分子方法以及高精度表型技术，探索与dm抗性基因相关的防御机制的功能多样性，以优化其在葡萄新品种中的组合，以提高抗性的持久性。

Downy mildew (DM), caused by the Oomycete Plasmopara viticola, is a major grapevine disease. DM leads to an intensive use of fungicides in viticulture, which impacts environment and health. In order to reduce fungicide use, breeding programs in both Germany and France have introgressed resistance loci from wild Vitis species into cultivated grapevine, resulting in new vine cultivars resistant to DM. However, the resistance mechanisms mediated by these loci are poorly characterized. Recent resistant vine varieties combine at least two independent resistance loci to DM, in order to limit the risk of resistance breakdown, which has been observed previously. Using a combination of genetic and molecular approaches together with high precision phenotyping techniques, French and German partners will explore the functional diversity of defense mechanisms associated to DM-resistance genes, in order to optimize their combination in new grapevine varieties for improved durability of resistance.