Changing referential practice: The German pronoun 'man' from a diachronic perspective

人的非人称代词man具有独特的语法和语义特征。在研究单位（RU）的用法为基础的方法“指人的做法：人称代词，不定代词和指示代词的使用”，该项目揭示了这些功能的出现和在德语的历时性。第一个目的是从跨语言研究的建议出发，对从类属名词到代词的语法化路径进行实证性的验证、阐述和证实。基于OHG和MHG的参考语料库，本项目确定了构式类型和相关语境（名词性、代名词性和歧义桥接语境），它们的交际功能和它们的具体化程度。它询问语法特征，如“ein”的补充是如何出现的，以及“jemand”/“niemand”如何专门作为不定代词。特别关注的假设是，早期的建设与“人”预期后来的intermittent功能。基于其典型的一般用法，“man”具有施事散焦的可能性，可以指代任何语法人称：第三方、受话人和说话人本身。通过选择“人”而不是人称代词，说话者将自己和其他指称物定位于责任管理、规范期望、超个体经验和社会成员。本项目的第二个目标是调查以何种方式和何时非原型的指称和interpretation功能的'man'已经出现和出现，以及与其他历史项目在RU，如何功能的幽灵'man'与其他代词的互动。对于德语的历史阶段，只有通过比较不同体裁的“人”的行为，才能得到完整的画面，因为历史交际实践中的不同要求是统一的。由于现有的语料库在比较体裁方面并不平衡，该项目汇编了16个结构化的深度样本。18.ct.文本.这些样本包括三个教学/信息体裁：害虫论文，浴疗论文，和早期的报纸，以及三个对话为导向的体裁：喜剧，语言教学的模式对话，和审讯记录。医学文本，报纸和喜剧与RU内的其他项目建立了联系。该项目分析了现有的语料库和深入的样本，询问何时以及在何种情况下出现的“人”，如扬声器引用的interpretation功能，出现在跨体裁或体裁特定的功能，以及“人”如何与人称代词和非人称结构相互作用。该项目结合了语料库驱动和基于注释的定性和定量方法与方法，从interestinglinguistics。在此过程中，该项目测试了RU的跨语言概念和方法对各种历史语言数据的适用性。

The human impersonal pronoun 'man' has peculiar grammatical and interactional features. Within the usage based approach of the Research Unit (RU) 'Practices of referring to persons: personal, indefinite and demonstrative pronouns in use', the project discloses the emergence and routinization of these features in the diachrony of German. The first objective is to empirically verify, elaborate and substantiate a grammaticalization path from generic NP to pronoun starting from proposals in cross-linguistic studies. Based on the reference corpora of OHG and MHG, the project identifies constructional types and relevant contexts (nominal, pronominal and ambiguous bridging contexts), their communicative functions and their degree of routinisation. It asks how grammatical features such as suppletion with ‚ein‘ emerge and how 'jemand'/'niemand' specialize as indefinite pronouns. Special focus lies on the hypothesis that early constructions with 'man' anticipate later interactional functions. Based on its prototypical generic use, 'man' has the potential of agent-defocusing and of referring to any grammatical person: third parties, addressees, and speakers themselves. By choosing 'man' over personal pronouns, speakers position themselves and other referents with respect to responsibility management, normative expectations, supraindividual experience, and social membership. The second objective of this project is to investigate in which way and when nonprototypical referential and interactional functions of 'man' have emerged and routinized and, together with the other historical projects within the RU, how the functional spectre of 'man' interacts with those of other pronouns. For historical stages of German, a full picture can only be gained by comparing the behavior of 'man' across different genres as consolidations of diverse requirements in historical communicative practice. As available corpora are not balanced for comparing genres, the project compiles structured in-depth-samples of 16.-18.ct. texts. These samples consist of three instructional/informative genres: pest treatises, balneologic treatises, and early newspapers, a well as three dialogue-oriented genres: comedies, model dialogues for language teaching, and interrogation records. Medicinal texts, newspapers, and comedies build a link to other projects within the RU. The project analyses the available corpora and in-depth-samples asking when and in which contexts interactional functions of 'man' such as speaker reference emerge and routinize, which functions occur across genres or genre-specifically, and how 'man' interacts with personal pronouns and impersonal constructions. The project combines corpus-driven and annotation-based qualitative and quantifying methods with methods from interactional linguistics. In doing so, the project tests the applicability of the RU's interactional linguistic concepts and methods on diversified historical linguistic data.