Comparative Study on the Socio-ecological Adaptation Mechanism among Pastoral Peoples in Northern Kenya

据推测，有两种适应策略之间的东非牧区社会。一种是集体中心战略，通过在父系血缘群体的框架内，小规模家庭群体之间的合作，稳定畜牧业生产。这一典型的例子似乎在东库希特单一资源为基础的游牧民族中得到了承认，如伦迪勒人、博拉纳人、另一种是以个体为中心的战略。畜牧业生产是通过最大化个体家庭规模及其畜群规模来维持的，而父系血统群体较少。这一典型例子似乎在中央准尼罗多资源地区得到了认可，在这一假设的框架内，南部的准尼罗河流域的游牧民族，如达托加人、马赛人和桑布鲁人，被认为处于上述两种典型的顺应策略之间。东非牧区社会存在两种截然不同的社会生态适应策略这一假设需要通过收集具体的、定量的股份转让系统数据来验证，在本项目中，六位日本学者和一位肯尼亚学者分别对图尔卡纳、桑布鲁、查穆斯（Jemps）、伦迪勒、加布拉和博拉纳等民族进行了实地调查。

It is assumed that there is two adaptive strategies among East African pastoral societies. One is collectivity-centric strategy.Pastoral production is stabilized through the cooperation among small-scale family groups within the framework of more corporage patrilineal descent group. This typical example seems to be recognized among the East Cushitic mono-resource-based pastoral people peoples,such as the Rendille,Borana,and Gabra peoples.The other is individuality-centric strategy.Pastoral production is maintained by the maximization of indivedual family size and its herd size with a setting of less corporate patrilineal descent group.This typical example seems to be recognized among the Central Para-Nilotic multi-resouce- based pastoral peoples,such as the Karimojong,Jie,and Turkana peoples.Moreover,within the framework of this hypothesis,the Southern Para-Nilotic pastoral peoples, such as the Datoga,Masai,and Samburu peoples,are thought to take an intermediate position between the two typical adative strategies above-mentioned.Firstly,this hypothesis that there is contrasting two socio-ecological adaptive strategies among the East African pastoral socienties have to ve verified by collecing concrete and quantitative data on stock-transfer system,long-term demographic structure of human group and livestock herd and cultural complex of livestock.Secondly,it has to be verified by cross-cultural comparison within para-Nilotic peoples and within East Cushitic peoples,then between the both linguistic major groups.In this project,six Japanese scholars and one Kenyan scholar conducted their field surveys among the Turkana,Samburu,Chamus(Jemps),Rendille,Gabra,and Borana peoples.