Comparative Study on the Socio-ecological Adaptation Mechanism among Pastoral Peoples in Northern Kenya

假设有两种适应策略，一种是以集体为导向的策略。二是以个性为导向的战略。通过我们对图尔卡纳人、查穆斯人、加布拉人、桑布鲁人的实地研究。从股票流转系统、人畜群的长期人口结构、畜群文化情结等具体的量化数据来验证这一假说。通过比较牧区社会与桑人和哈扎人等觅食社会在互惠制度和小牲畜放牧制度方面的差异，从社会进化的角度考虑图尔卡纳人和伦德尔人之间的互惠制度和放牧动物的起源。

It is assumed that there is two adaptation strategies; one is collectivity-oriented strategy. and the other is individuality-oriented strategy. Through our field research among the Turkana, Chamus, Gabra, Samburu. and Rendille peoples, this hypothesis testified by the concrete and quantitative data on stock-transfer system, long-term demographjc structure of human group and livestock herd, and cultural complex of livestock.Moreover. by comparing pastoral societies with foraging societies such as the San and Hadza peoples as to reciprocity system and the herding system of small livestock, the reciprocity system among the Turkana and Rendille peoples and the origin of herded animals were considered from the view-point of socjal evolution.