Pesticides, Plants and Arthropods – Using a land-use and climate gradient approach to evaluate the potential impact of agrochemicals

农药通常被认为是农业景观中物种多样性的一个参数，但其在非目标植物或节肢动物分布中的作用尚不清楚。在这里，我们建议使用巴伐利亚州一个完善的土地利用和气候梯度的现有景观和生态数据，即w<s:1>茨堡大学的约180个LandKlif站点。我们打算在这里收集更多的土壤、植物生物量、节肢动物（食草动物和蜘蛛）生物量样本，以测量这些样本中农业农药的存在，并对LandKlif尚未涵盖的物种群（蜘蛛和甲虫）进行额外的收集和测定。我们打算评估景观特征对农药暴露的重要性，并根据各种混杂因素的现有信息，将农药暴露特征（不同作用模式的同一性、化合物的组合（混合毒性）、浓度水平、化合物特异性毒性等）与植物和节肢动物分布特征结合起来。利用化合物和作物特定农药使用的数据，我们打算通过荟萃分析整合陆生植物和节肢动物的暴露和影响数据，这些数据来自已发表的文献和监管风险评估文件。我们预计，更大的背景数据集的实施将有助于解释我们在LandKlif站点的农药暴露和物种分布的发现。通过将LandKlif研究领域和陆地生态学专业知识与农药生态毒理学和元分析专业知识相结合，我们希望进一步阐明农用化学品在陆地非目标生态系统中的潜在作用。

Pesticides have often been mentioned as a parameter contributing to species diversity in agricultural landscapes, yet their role in the distribution of non-target plants or arthropods in off-field areas is not clear. Here we propose to use existing landscape and ecological data from a well-established land-use and climate gradient across Bavaria, i.e. the ~180 LandKlif sites of the University of Würzburg. We intend here to collect additional soil, plant biomass, arthropod (herbivores and spiders) biomass samples to measure the presence of agricultural pesticides in these samples and to conduct additional collections and determinations of species groups not yet covered in LandKlif (spiders and beetles). We intend to evaluate the importance of landscape features for the pesticide exposure and aim to combine traits of pesticide exposure (identity of different mode of actions, combinations of compounds (mixture toxicity), concentration levels, compound-specific toxicity, etc.) with traits of plant and arthropod distribution in the light of the available information on various confounding factors. Using data on compound and crop-specific pesticide use we intend to contextualise our findings through a meta-analytical integration of exposure and effect data for terrestrial plants and arthropods stemming from the published literature and regulatory risk assessment documents. We anticipate that the implementation of a larger set of background data will aid interpretation of our findings on pesticide exposure and species distribution at the LandKlif sites. Through the combination of the well-established LandKlif study area and terrestrial ecology expertise with pesticide ecotoxicology and meta-analytical expertise, we hope to shed further light on the potential role of agrochemicals in terrestrial non-target ecosystems.