Archaeological lnvestigations in Antioch on the· Orontes 1 Ancient and medieval fortification systems

几乎没有任何nurnerous古代和中世纪的书面来源没有提到安提阿的防御系统。城墙的宏伟布局跨越两座山峰（Mts. Silpios和Staurin）和沿着奥伦特斯河被认为是随意的，因为作者经常报告他们，一个保证存在的大都会。事实上，远远超出了古城的尽头，防御工事仍然是伊斯兰，拜占庭和十字军安条克的权威，并继续决定城市空间的组织，直到现代。城墙系统的外观不仅具有由于自然磨损和军事冲突而进行的通常程度的维护和修复的特点。城市在希腊化和罗马帝国时期的强劲增长，以及安提阿遭受的无数地震，特别是在古代晚期，迫使广泛重建城墙系统。尽管安提阿的防御工事对重建这座城市的多事件历史具有重要意义，但迄今为止，安提阿的防御工事仍被保留了约13公里长，基本上未被注意到。即使是20世纪30年代的美国挖掘机也对市区保存最完好的纪念碑没有多大兴趣。在第一卷的德国-土耳其企业在安提阿，古代防御工事上的两个城市山，锡尔皮奥斯和斯陶林，以及在平原上是第一次专题介绍。这是在五次运动中进行的广泛的建筑调查，丰富的摄影文件，并考虑到未发表的挖掘报告照片和普林斯顿大学安提阿档案馆的计划的基础上完成的。新的城市地图提供了了解城墙系统的地形框架，这是德国-土耳其企业的另一个核心，这是第一次在卷中提出。结果的介绍旨在振兴对一个城市的研究，其历史迄今为止基本上是根据书面资料叙述的，而其考古学在很大程度上仍然是未知的和零碎的。该卷旨在从历时的角度（即：超越古代）对古代大都会的历史做出贡献，特别关注东地中海最重要和持续占领的主要城市之一的地形，城市发展和建筑。

Hardly any of the nurnerous ancient and medieval written sources fails to mention Antioch's fortification systems. The imposing layout of the walls running over two mountain massifs (Mts. Silpios and Staurin) and along the Orontes River was considered as casually as the authors often report about them, a guarantee for the existence of the metropolis. In fact, far beyond the end of the ancient city the fortifications remained authoritative for Islamic, Byzantine and Crusader Antioch and continued to determine the organization of the urban space until modern times. The appearance of the city wall system is characterized not only by the usual degree of maintenance and restoration due to natural wear and tear as well as to military conflicts. The strong growth of the city throughout the Hellenistic and Roman Imperial period as well as numerous earthquakes that struck Antioch, especially in late antiquity, forced extensive rebuilding of the wall systems. Despite their importance for the reconstruction of the city’s eventful history, Antioch’s fortification systems, which have been preserved over a length of about 13 kilometres, have so far remained largely unnoticed. Even the American excavators of the 1930s showed little interest in the best­preserved monument in the city area. ln the first volume of the German-Turkish enterprise in Antioch, the ancient fortifications on the two city hills, Silpios and Staurin, as well as in the plain are presented monographically for the first time. This is accomplished on the basis of extensive building surveys carried out in five campaigns, a rich photographic documentation, and taking into account unpublished excavation reports photographs, and plans from the Princeton University Antioch Archive. The topographical framework for understanding the city wall systems is provided by the new city map another centerpiece of the German-Turkish enterprise, which is presented in the volume for the first time. The presentation of the results aims to revitalize research on a city whose history has to date essentially been narrated on the basis of written sources, while its archaeology remained largely unknown and fragmentary. The volume is intended as a contribution to the history of an ancient metropolis in a diachronic perspective (that is: beyond antiquity), with a specific focus on topography, urban development and architecture of one of the most significant and continuously occupied major city of the eastern Mediterranean.