Metabolic effects of allulose in healthy adults (MAIA)

Allulose是一种罕见的糖，可以用作糖的替代品。它具有与蔗糖相当的特性，但提供的能量少90-95%。铝质纤维素已经在几个国家的食品生产中使用，预计将在欧盟被批准为一种新型食品。尤其是动物研究，也有一些人体研究表明，异丙糖会影响饱腹感，餐后葡萄糖和体重。在啮齿类动物中，口服allulose导致肠道激素胰高血糖素样肽1 （GLP-1）分泌增加，从而诱导饱腹感并支持健康的体重调节。在人类中，通过胃管应用allulose导致GLP-1水平的增加，但它对胃排空或饱腹感没有影响。GLP-1也作为一种肠促胰岛素，促进胰腺分泌葡萄糖依赖型胰岛素。此外，动物研究表明，摄入allulose增加肝脏葡萄糖处理，随后降低餐后血糖水平。如果得到证实，allulose可能有助于血糖调节。在动物研究中，食用高脂肪饮食的铝质纤维素可以防止饮食引起的体重增加。在12周的时间里，每天食用少量的铝质纤维素，再加上自选的随意饮食，人类的体重得到了适度的减轻。该项目将研究人类摄入铝纤维素对以下结果的影响：饱腹感、血糖调节、体重和身体成分。该研究将是一项双盲交叉干预研究，其中有两项干预，12名健康女性和男性（年龄18-50岁，BMI为18,5-30 kg/m2）将在4周内每天饮用三种含铝果糖或阿斯巴甜的饮料（对照组）。所有程序将在为期7天的基线阶段进行，并在4周干预结束时重复。对饱腹感和GLP-1以及其他肠道激素的影响，将在控制进食后进行评估。通过口服葡萄糖耐量试验（Matsuda-Index）和连续7天的血糖监测来测量对血糖调节的影响。将评估体重和组成的变化（生物电阻抗分析）。缺乏具有明确结果的临床试验和在较长时间框架内给予实际剂量的allulose。拟议的项目将填补这一空白，并评估在现实生活中消耗生理量的allulose是否会影响餐后GLP-1分泌、血糖调节、体重和组成。这些发现非常重要，因为在德国和欧洲，铝质纤维素很可能用于食品生产。

Allulose is a rare sugar that can be used as a sugar substitute. It has properties comparable to sucrose but provides 90-95% less energy. Allulose is already used in food production in several countries and is expected to be approved as a Novel Food within the European Union. Especially animal studies, but also a few human studies suggest that allulose affects satiety, postprandial glucose and body weight. In rodents, oral intake of allulose resulted in an increased secretion of the gut hormone Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1), which induces satiety and can support healthy weight regulation. In humans, application of allulose via a gastric tube led to an increase in GLP-1 levels, however it had no effect on gastric emptying or satiety. GLP-1 also acts as an incretin and facilitates glucose-dependent insulin secretion from the pancreas. Further, animal studies showed that consumption of allulose increases hepatic glucose disposal and subsequently lowers postprandial blood glucose levels. If confirmed, allulose might support blood glucose regulation. Consumption of allulose with a high fat diet prevented diet-induced weight gain in animal studies. The consumption of small amounts of allulose for 12 weeks daily in addition to a self-selected ad libitum diet resulted in moderate weigh loss in humans. This project will study the effect of allulose consumption in humans on the following outcomes – satiety, blood glucose regulation and body weight and composition. The study will be a double blinded, crossover intervention study with two interventions where 12 healthy women and men (age 18-50, BMI 18,5-30 kg/m2) will consume three beverages daily sweetened with allulose or aspartame (control) for 4 weeks. All procedures will be performed during a 7-day long baseline phase and repeated at the end of the 4-week intervention. Effects of allulose on satiety and GLP-1, as well as other gut hormones, will be assessed after a controlled meal-challenge. Effects on blood glucose regulation will be measured via oral glucose tolerance tests (Matsuda-Index) and with the aid of continuous glucose monitoring over 7 days. Changes in body weight and composition (bioelectrical impedance analysis) will be assessed. Clinical trials with clearly defined outcomes and administering realistic doses of allulose over longer time frames are missing. The proposed project will close this gap and assess if the consumption of physiological amounts of allulose in a real-life setting affects postprandial GLP-1 secretion, blood glucose regulation and body weight and composition. These findings are of high importance as allulose will likely be used in food production in Germany and Europe.