Inappropriate uses of language in requesting discourses of foreign learners of Japanese language and the Japanese norms in the process of conversations

通过对外国日语学习者对话中不恰当的表达和不自然的流动的分析，研究了日本人请求行为的根源。为了找出会话流程中的变异性，我们构建了几种需要请求交际的情景，这些情景在以下六个方面有所不同：请求对象、两人之间的义务关系和角色关系、恩惠关系、交流成本、被拒绝的可能性以及两人之间的熟悉程度。利用这些情景，我们进行了调查和实验研究，在调查研究中，16名外国日语学习者和28名以日语为母语的人在给定的情景下构建了一个人向另一个人请求帮助的对话脚本。While脚本…本族语者所写的《S》更多地具有会话流程的共同基本结构，这些基本结构随情景特征的变化而变化，符合情景特征所要求的内隐规范，而外国学习者则倾向于遵循固定的会话模式，而忽略了内隐规范的差异。一个训练有素的实验者以一种恒定的方式对所有受试者做出反应。记录的对话被转换成书面形式，并通过语篇分析软件Childes进行分析，日语使用者也分享了实验LASK中共同的灵活的对话流程结构。然而，外国学习者表现出不自然的表达和时序，这使得对话的流畅变得不合适。这种不恰当的主要原因被认为是对地点和伴侣的考虑不足，这是因为对语言使用的不熟练和“外语效应”；当一个人被迫使用一门外语时，思维能力的下降。针对学习者会话中的不规范现象，探讨了规范意识对请求行为的影响。较少

Wi investignted the morms which underlie in the requesting behavior of Japanese people through the nnnlysis of inappropriate oxpressions and unnatural flows in conversations of foreign learners of Japanese language. In order to find the variability in flows in the conversations, we constructed sevaral situations which demand requesting communications which differ in the following six aspects which are assumed in change the manner of communications in native Japanese speakers ; objects of request, relationships of obligations and roles between two persons, relationships of favors and benefits, cost of the communication, the possibility to be rejected, and the degree of the familiarity between two persons. Using these situations, we conducted survey and experimental research.In the survey research, 16 foreign learners of Japanese language and 28 native Japanese speakers constructed conversation scripts in which one person requested a favor to another in the given situations. While Script … More s written by native speakers share the common basic structure of the conversation flow which are changenble to the congruent to the implicit norm required by the features of the situation, foreign learners tend to adhere the fixed conversation pattern ignoring the differences of the norm.An experiment of doing conversations through the telephone in the real situntion was xonducted using the new samples consisting of 12 foreign learners and 12 native speakers. The single trained experimenter responded to all the subjects in the constant manner. Recorded conversations were transformed to the written form, and analyzed by CHILDES which is a software for the discourse analysis Japanese speakers also shared the common flexible structure of the conversation flow in this experimental lask. However, foreign learners showed unnatural expressions and timings of the utterance which makes the flow of the conversation inappropriate. Main reason for this inappropriateness is considered to be insufficient considerntions to situntions and partners which come from insufficient proficiency of the languago use and the "foreign language effect" ; the decrease of thinking ability when one was forced to uso a foreign language. Effect of norm consciousness on the requesting behaviors were also discussed based on the irregularities of learner's conversations. Less