EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY OF DIMORPHIC MALES IN ANTS.

1)坂上蚁二倍体雄性的精子发生：在坂上蚁中，30个研究群体中有6个（20%）含有许多二倍体雄性。虽然二倍体雄性个体的平均体尺大于单倍体，但其外部和内部形态均正常。在精子发生过程中，无论是二倍体雄性还是单倍体雄性，染色体数目都没有减少。此外，流式细胞仪测定的二倍体雄蚁的DNA量是单倍体雄蚁的2倍，这表明二倍体雄蚁产生二倍体精子。2）伏伦霍维亚蚁属的分子系统发育：根据线粒体细胞色素氧化酶I和II基因的DNA序列，分析了亚洲伏伦霍维亚蚁属的分子系统发育关系。结果表明，7个日韩种和6个印尼种分别归属于一个单系群。三个蜂后为蚁蛉的物种有一个蜂后为翅的密切相关的物种，这表明蚁蛉蜂后已经独立进化了三次。一种社会寄生物种V. nipponica与其宿主物种V. emeryi（短翅女王型）密切相关。这一结果支持了Emery的观点。3）姬蚁的繁殖策略：首先羽化的蚁后在巢内交配后留在母巢中。后来出现的蚁后也在巢内交配后飞出巢外。另一方面，处女蚁后从不飞出巢穴。Ergatoid男性生活约。平均40天。在此期间，他们继续生产精子和授精。

1) Spermatogenesis of diploid males in the formicine ant Lasius sakagamii: In the formicine ant Lasius sakagamii, 6 out of 30 studied colonies (20%) contained many diploid males. Although the body size of diploid males is larger than that of haploid ones on average, the former showed normal external and internal morphology. In the spermatogenesis, no reduction in chromosome numbers was observed in either diploid males or haploid ones. Moreover, the DNA quantity of diploid males measured by flowcytemetry was twice that of haploid ones, clearly indicating that diploid males produce diploid sperm.2) Molecular phylogeny of the mirmicine ant genus Vollenhovia: Molecular phylogenetic relationships of the ant genus Vollenhovia in Asia were analyzed based on the DNA sequence of the mitochondrial cytocrome oxidase I and II gene. As a result, 7 Japan-Korean species and 6 Indonesian species were classified into a monophyletic group, respectively. Three species whose queens are ergatoid have a closely related species whose queens are winged, which suggested that ergatoid queens have independently evolved three times. A socially parasitic species V. nipponica is closely related to its host species, V. emeryi (short-winged queen type). This result supports the Emery's role.3) Reproductive strategies of the myrmicine ant genus Cardiocondyla: The firstly emerged queens remained in the mother nests after intranidal mating. The later-emerged queens flew out of the nest also after intranidal mating. On the other hand, virgin queens never flew out the nest. Ergatoid males lived for ca. 40 days on average. They continued sperm production and insemination during this period.