Colors and their mutations in anurans

1.以黑斑林蛙、短足林蛙和史氏树蛙为主要材料，对其野生型和突变型进行了形态和遗传学研究。在黑斑蛙组，观察了背表面正常的棕色或绿色，9种配子辐射获得的颜色突变，现场发现的10种白化突变，以及黑眼和灰眼突变。(1)白化病有5组，它们的基因座各不相同。第一组白化受4个等位基因控制。(2)每种白化病在外观和异常黑素细胞的细微结构上都有所不同。(3)通过制备12种白化病基因在两个位点均为纯合子的白化病基因，证实了白化病基因的显性。(4)通过比较白化黑斑林蛙与正常黑斑林蛙和…回交的灯刷染色体组成和基因型。更重要的是，通过利用连锁群和易位，确定了每个白化基因在染色体上的位置。携带橄榄和蓝色突变基因的染色体也用类似的方法进行了测定。绘制包括白化突变和OTER颜色突变在内的染色体图谱。在施莱格利树蛙中，一部分黄色素向下移动，变成我们命名的紫色素，取代了黑色素。每个紫珠中都充满了暗紫色颗粒，命名为紫蕨体。在黑斑蛙、日本林蛙、许氏林蛙和皱纹林蛙中，黑眼或灰眼突变由单个隐性基因控制。在电子显微镜下阐明了这些突变中生色团的异常。在黑斑蛙、日本林蛙和皱纹林蛙中，野生型和颜色突变个体之间产生了前后嵌合体。当前部正常时，其着色团通过越过融合面而在一定程度上移动到后部。虹膜基团在这场运动中最为突出。较少

1. Morphological and genetical studies have been made on the wild-type and mutational colorations of Rana nigromaculata, R. brevipoda, and Rhacophorus schlegelii as main materials.2. In the Rana nigromaculata group, the normal brown or green coloration of the dorsal surface, nine kinds of color mutations obtained by irradiation of gametes, ten stocks of albinos found in the field, and the black-eyed and gray-eyed mutations were examined. (1) There are five groups of albinos whose loci differ from one another. The albinos of the first group are controlled by four alleles. (2) Each kind of a albinos differs from the others in external appearance as well as in minute structure of abnormal melanophores. (3) The dominance of an albino gene was confirmed by preparing 12 kinds of albinos in which albino genes are homozygous in two loci. (4) By comparing the genotypes with the constitutions of lampbrush chromosomes in backcrosses between albinic Rana nigromaculata and normal R. brevipoda, and … More by good use of linkage groups and translocations, the situation of each albino gene on a chromosome was determined. The chromosomes bearing the loci of olive and blue mutations w re also determined by a similar method. Chromosome maps including the loci of albinic and oter color mutations were drawn.3. In Rhacophorus schlegelli, a part of xanthophores moves downward, changes into violeophores named by us and takes the place of melanophores. Each violeophore is filled with dark-violet granules which were named violeopterinosomes.4. In Rana nigromaculata, Hyla arborea japonica, Rhacophorus schlegelii and Rana rugosa, the black-eyed or gray-eyed mutation is controlled by a single recessive gene. The abnormalities of the chromatophores in these mutations were elucidated under an electron-microscope.5. In Rana nigromaculata, Rana japonica and Rana rugosa, antero-posterior chimeras were produced between wild-type and color-mutational individuals. When the anterior portion is normal, its chromatophores move to the posterior portion to some extent by passing over the plane of fusion. Iridophores are most conspicuous in this movement. Less