Evolution of settlements in the Marginal Land

本研究的目的是确定在关东地区东北部的沼泽，高地，火山斜坡和沙漠边缘土地的定居点的区域性和一般性。本研究以江户时代的新电聚落、明治时代的四国居山实业先驱聚落和二战后的金九海田实业先驱聚落为代表，通过对边缘聚落的系统调查和个案的实证研究，对边缘聚落的变迁进行了研究。因此，它被确定为在江户时代开拓稻田占据沼泽地区。明治以来的开拓地则主要分布在高地和火山坡。边缘土地定居点最初的物质条件较差。虽然有些定居点仍然无法克服这些条件，但有些定居点通过充分利用大片土地和引进商业农业，实现了迅速的农业现代化。这些聚落的不同发展类型与交通发展、与周边社区的关系、地区传统等多种因素有关。

This study aims to identify the regionality and generality of the settlements at marginal land of marshes, uplands, volcanic slopes, and deserts in the northeastern Kanto District. As representative forms of such settlements, this study deals with Shinden settlements in Edo era, pioneer settlements of Shizoku-jusan Jigyo in Meiji era, and pioneer settlements by Kinkyu-Kaitaku Jigyo after World war II.The study is carried out by the systematic investigation of the marginal-land settlements and by empirical researches into the transformation of some cases. As a result, it is identified that the pioneered paddy fields in Edo era occupied marsh areas. Pioneered land since Meiji period, by contrast, mainly lay in uplands and volcanic slopes. The marginal-land settlements used to suffer inferior physical conditions in the beginning. Although some settlements still cannot overcome these conditions, some cases exist which achieved rapid agricultural modernization by making the most of large land units and by introducing commercial agriculture. The different types of the development of these settlements are related to the transportation development, the relationship with the surrounding communities, the traditions of the area, and various other factors.