The Effects of Viewpoint Operations upon the Observational Learning of Pro-Social Behavior.

本研究的目的是考察视点操作对亲社会行为观察性学习的影响。实验一的目的是考察同理心、利他行为和认知观对利他行为观察学习的影响。方法(1)被试：155名四年级儿童。(2)程序：在五种条件下进行观察性学习。条件是移情观、利他行为观、认知观、非视点控制和非观察控制。在观察性学习后，受试者需要回答关于利他行为、移情等方面的问卷。结果与观察性学习效果相关的因素有自我效能感、责任认知、行为技能、人际关系技能、移情和惩罚期望。实验2在实验2中，我们考察了视点操作的影响以及自我效能感和结果预期的影响。方法(1)被试：151名四年级儿童。(2)程序：在四种条件下进行观察性学习。条件是忧郁观、结果期望观、利他行为观和无观察控制观。观察学习结束后，受试者需要回答关于利他行为、移情、奖惩期望自我效能感等方面的问卷。结果利他主义行为条件观和结果期望观具有显著的学习效应。自我效能感、惩罚期望和回报期望与利他行为相关。

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of viewpoint operation upon observational learning of pro-social behavior. According to the aim, we carried out following two experiments.Experiment 1The aim of experiment 1 is to examine the effects of viewpoints of empathy, altruistic behavior, and cognition on observational learning of altruistic behavior.1. Method(1) Subjects : 155 fourth-grade school children.(2) Procedure : Observational learning was carried out on five conditions. Conditions were viewpoint of empathy, viewpoint of altruistic behavior, viewpoint of cognition, non-viewpoint control and non-observation control. After the observational learning, subjects required to answer the questionnaire with regard to altruistic behavior, empathy, and so on.2. ResultsThe factors which related to the effects of observational learning were self-efficacy, cognition of responsibility, skill of behavior, skill of inter-personal relations, empathy and expectation of punishment.Experiment 2In experiment 2 , we examined the effects of viewpoint operations and the effects of self-efficacy and outcome expectation.1. Method(1) Subjects : 151 fourth-grade school children.(2) Procedure : Observational learning was carried out on four conditions. Conditions were viewpoint of distress viewpoint of outcome expectation, viewpoint of altruistic behavior and non-observation control. After the observational learning, subjects required to answer the questionnaire with regard to altruistic behavior, empathy, reward and punishment expectation self-efficacy , and so on.2. ResultsViewpoint of altruistic behavior condition and view point of outcome expectation condition showed significant learning effects. And , self-efficacy, punishment expectation and reward expectation were related with the altruistic behavior.