Pro-Social Behavior and Neural Development during Adolescence

项目摘要 大量的实证研究集中在青春期的危险行为和精神障碍上， 我们对亲社会行为的神经行为学发展的认识是相当有限的。其结果是一个 青少年大脑发育的肖像，关注风险和精神病理学，而不是更积极的行为。 这种关注是不幸的，因为一些涉及给予他人的亲社会行为-包括 自愿提供工具或社会援助-与健康的心理， 行为和身体特征向他人提供资源和帮助与较低的死亡率有关， 更少的客观和主观健康问题，以及更低的抑郁症。给予他人的健康益处 值得更多地关注支持亲社会核心方面的神经行为发展 青少年时期的行为，发展的关键点，奠定了终身健康和福祉的阶段。 我们的目标是通过利用纵向设计来推进该领域，以实现四个具体目标：（1）澄清 在青少年时期亲社会行为的发展变化， 基本的亲社会行为（即，给予）以及它如何越来越依赖于情况（即，的 潜在的接受者，给予的成本）;（2）研究如何在奖励，心智化， 认知控制神经网络跟踪给予行为;（3）评估社会关系，观点- 接受、移情和价值观可能与给予和神经发育有关;（4）探索潜在性别 给予和神经过程的平均水平的差异。 采用队列序贯纵向设计，共对180名参与者进行三次评估， 每两年一次，为期五年。总样本将包括三个重叠的年龄组， 参与者，年龄跨度为9 - 17岁（组群1：9-13岁，队列2：11-15岁， 队列3：13-17岁）。在每个时间点，参与者将参与一个既定的决策任务 最适合功能磁共振成像扫描仪，他们将被要求为他们的家庭做出真实的经济贡献， 朋友，和一个陌生人在不同的条件下的成本给自己。在决策时，参与者 大脑将被扫描，以寻找区域和网络之间的激活和功能连接， 与心理化、认知控制和奖励相关行为有关。青少年也将完成 问卷调查和日常日记清单，将评估社会关系，观点采择， 同理心和价值观被认为可以预测亲社会行为。

Project Summary A large body of empirical work has focused on risky behavior and mental disorders during adolescence, but our knowledge of the neurobehavioral developments in prosocial behavior is quite limited. The result is a portrait of adolescent brain development that focuses risk and psychopathology over more positive behavior. This focus is unfortunate because several prosocial behaviors that involve giving to others – ranging from volunteering to providing instrumental or social assistance – have been linked to healthy psychological, behavioral, and physical profiles. Giving resources and assistance to others is associated with lower mortality, fewer objective and subjective health problems, and lower depression. The health benefits of giving to others warrant an increased focus on the neurobehavioral developments that underlie this core aspect of prosocial behavior during adolescence, a key point of development that sets the stage for lifelong health and well-being. We aim to advance the field by utilizing a longitudinal design to pursue four specific aims: (1) clarify developmental changes in prosocial behavior during adolescence by longitudinally examining a specific, fundamental prosocial behavior (i.e., giving) and how it increasingly depends upon the situation (i.e., the potential recipient, the cost of giving); (2) examine how neurodevelopment in the reward, mentalizing, and cognitive control neural networks tracks with giving behavior; (3) assess how social relationships, perspective- taking, empathy, and values may relate to giving and neural development; (4) explore potential gender differences in average levels of giving and neural processes. Using a cohort-sequential longitudinal design, a total of 180 participants will be assessed at three times, every two-years, across a five-year period. The total sample will consist of three overlapping age cohorts of 60 participants each and will cover the age span from 9 to 17 yrs. (Cohort 1: 9-13 yrs., Cohort 2: 11-15 yrs., Cohort 3: 13-17 yrs.). At each time point, participants will participate in an established decision-making task optimized for the fMRI scanner in which they will be asked to make real financial contributions to their families, friends, and a stranger under varying conditions of cost to themselves. While making decisions, participants' brains will be scanned for activation and functional connectivity between regions and networks that have been implicated in mentalizing, cognitive control, and reward-related behaviors. Adolescents also will complete questionnaires and daily diary checklists that will assess aspects of social relationships, perspective-taking, empathy, and values thought to predict prosocial behavior.