Comparative Studies on the Urban Problem and Ethnicity in the Middle East and the Soviet Union.

在对中东和苏联城市问题与族群的比较研究中，我们研究了近代城市化与族群社区转型之间的相关性。我们在中东和苏联的许多城市进行了实地调查，在那里我们有机会了解城市问题的现状。区域内正在进行的城市化和城市增长改变了城市的结构和功能。例如，我们研究了苏联政府对城市经济发展的政策导致了民族社区的转型，从而造成了不同民族社区之间的冲突。民族社区之间的差异意识加强了社区的认同。因此，我们考虑了民族主义在各地区的发展。在其中一个案例研究中，我们描述了土耳其民族主义运动的历史及其对苏联中亚土耳其人民的影响。我们还研究了伊斯兰教、亚美尼亚东正教和希腊东正教等宗教在整合社区中的作用。因为近年来宗教运动在少数民族社区中获得了政治力量。通过对商业、长途贸易、土耳其移民到德国、麦加朝圣等方面的分析，研究了城市间的交通网络。通信网络将城市连接起来，并有助于分散在不同地区的同一民族社区的融合。从而发现了不同城市在城市问题上的共性。

In our comparative studies on the urban problem and ethnicity in the Middle East and the Soviet Union, we studied on the correlation between the recent urbanization and the transformation of ethnic communities. We had field researches at many cities in the Middle East and the Soviet Union in which we had chances to be acquainted with the present condition of the urban problem.The urbanization and the growth of cities which are under way in the regions changed the structure and function of the cities. We studied, for instance, the governmental policy on the economical development for the cities in the Soviet Union which resulted in the transformation of ethnic communities and consequently created the conflicts between the different ethnic communities.The consciousness of the difference between the ethnic communities strengthened the identity of communities. By this reason, we considered the development of nationalism in the regions. In one of case studies, we delineated the history of the Turkish nationalist movement and its impact on the Turkish people in Central Asia of the Soviet Union. We also studied on the role of the religions such as Islam, Armenian Orthodox and Greek Orthodox in integrating the community. Because religious movement is acquiring political strength among the ethnic communities in recent years.Analyzing the commerce, long-distance trade, Turkish migration to Germany, pilgrimage to Mecca, we studied the communication networks between the cities. The communication networks link the cities and contribute to the integration of the same ethnic community scattered in various regions. Thus we find the commonness on the urban problem in the different cities.