Adaptive Radiation of Human Populations in Oceania

从适应性辐射的角度综述了大洋洲人类种群的生物多样性。主要研究结果如下：对南岛人形态特征长期变化的考察表明，在语言和文化上进行分类的非南岛人和南岛人都有自己的特点。然而，与此同时，在过去的几十年里，每个群体的大多数特征都根据当地环境的适应系统发生了变化。大洋洲人口中成人体质和儿童生长的差异程度与世界上所有人口的差异程度相似。最可能的原因是当地环境的适应过程，例如营养适应。当代人口的生存策略在很大程度上取决于与外国文化接触的时间和程度；因此，蛋白质的摄取量在不同人群之间差别很大。先前适用于大洋洲的食物成分表受到了批评，我们根据新制作的食物成分表重新评估了大洋洲人口的营养摄入量。对大洋洲，特别是美拉尼西亚各种疾病的流行率进行的审查证明，大多数疾病只有在接触后才出现高水平。新传入疾病的时空格局是影响该地区人类适应的关键因素。已经证明，在接触之前，整个美拉尼西亚的人口增长率保持在每年0.2%的水平，与新石器时代相似。从那时起，人口增长率呈现多样化，其主要原因是营养和健康等环境因素。

Biological diversity of human populations in Oceania was reviewed from a standpoint of adaptive radiation. The major findings are as follows.1. The examination of the long-term change of morphological traits has demonstrated that non-Austronesian and Austronesian groups, which were classified linguistically and culturally, have had their own characteristics. Simultaneously, however, most characteristics of each group have changed in accordance with adaptive system in local environments in the last several decades.2. The extent of diversity in adult body physique and child growth among human populations in Oceania has been revealed to be similar as that among all populations in the world. The most probable reason for this comes from adaptive process in local environments, for instance, nutritional adaptation.3. Subsistence strategies among contemporary populations are largely conditioned by the timing and the extent of the contact with foreign culture ; as the result, protein intake level, in particular, greatly differs from a population to another.4. The previous food composition tables applied to Oceania have been criticized and we have re-evaluated nutrient intakes for human populations in Oceania, based on our newly-made table.5. The review of prevalence rates of various diseases in Oceania, particularly in Melanesia, has proved that the bulk of them have had high levels only after the contact. The spatiotemporal pattern of newly-introduced diseases has influenced human adaptation in the area as a key factor.6. It has been demonstrated that the population increase rate in Melanesia as a whole before the contact has kept a level, 0.2% per year, similar to that in the Neolithic. The increase rate which, since then, has been diversified among the populations has mainly come from such environmental factors as nutrition and health.