Agronomical and Archaeological Investigation on Rice Cultivation Culture at the Ancient Times in Southern China

中国的这一田野调查的对象是研究古代中国的水稻种植文化，以澄清日本九州岛北部柔门时代末期的古代日本水稻种植的起源和弥生时代的开始。关于日本古代的第一次水稻生产，安藤忠雄这样描述：(1)栽培稻不仅起源于印度，而且也起源于南中国和中南半岛，印度和中国两国的水稻栽培可能是独立开始的；(2)古代日本的水稻栽培可能是中国在江南地区以种植水稻为主要食材的南迁民族开始的，水稻品种可能属于该地区广泛种植的水稻亚种或水稻亚种；(3)水稻引入日本的时间(…)更多的n被认为是在公元前1世纪或弥合时代，水稻种植可能开始在河边或平坦潮湿的地方。通过刻度照片测量了在中国新石器时代新石器时代古代水稻种植的8个遗迹中出土的碳化稻米，以及从所罗门时代末期到公元前5世纪至公元3世纪的古代日本遗迹中出土的碳化稻米。以粒长、粒宽、粒厚和长宽比为粒形指标，计算长、宽、厚的乘积作为籽粒体积指数或成熟度。结果表明，日本栽培的古稻品种由两个类群衍生而来，它们被认为起源于中国的两个不同地点。从中国遗址中采集的水稻植株蛋白石的形态分析，证明了新石器时代中国在长江下游一带种植了不同的粳稻品种。较少

The object of this field research in China is studying the rice cultivation culture in the ancient China in order to clarify the origin of rice cultivation in the ancient Japan at the end of Jomon era and the beginnings of Yayoi era in the northern part of Kyushu island of Japan as reported by Ando, K(1951). Ando stated about the first rice production at the ancient times in Japan as follows ; (1) cultivated rice was considered to originate not only from India but also from both South China and Indochina , and rice cultivation might have started in both countries of India and South China independently, (2) rice cultivation in ancient Japan might have been begun by the peoples immigrated from the southern foreign countries who cultivated rice and mainly ate rice every day in the southern regions of the Yangtze in China, and the rice cultivars might have belonged to the sub-species Japonica or Ko which were widely cultivated in the area, (3) the times that rice had been brought into Japa … More n is considered in about the first century B. C. or the Yayoi era and the rice cultivation might have been begun at the riversides or the places where were flat and wet.Carbonized rice grains excavated in the eight remains of ancient rice cultivation at the Neolithic Age in China and in the remains of ancient Japan from the end of the Joomon era and through the Yayoi era or the times from the fifth century B. C. to the third century A. D. were measured through the scaled photographs. The traits measured were grain length, width and thickness and the ratio of length to width as the grain shape index, and the products of length, width and thickness as the grain volume index or grain maturity were calculated. The results showed that the ancient rice cultivars cultivated in Japan were derived from two groups which were considered to be originated from two different locations in China. And the morphological analysis of rice plant opals sampled from the ancient remains in China presented the evidences that Japonica rice cultivars were cultivated around the regions of the lower reaches of Yangtze at the Neolithic Age in China. Less