A Research of the Coping with the Recent Changes of Rice-cropping's Surroundings in Japan

这项研究的目的是实证分析农民和他们的群体(Sonraku：农村社区)如何应对最近日本水稻种植环境的变化。正如我们所知，这些变化有很多方面。主要有三个方面：一是全国稻米消费量的下降，二是国外稻米贸易日益增长的反叛压力，三是农业部对农业政策基本原则的修改。为此，我们对四种不同类型的水稻单季稻田进行了调查。第一个是长野多山的人烟稀少的地区，第二个是白雪覆盖但产量很高的新泻稻田，第三个是山形的核心稻田但兼职农田，最后一个是青森的苹果和水稻混合耕作区。尽管我们估计环境的变化导致许多水稻种植农民的农场管理非常困难更重要的是，通过调查我们发现，大多数农民并没有危机临界感。之所以会有这样的感觉，主要是因为他们拥有的农家乐在很大程度上依赖于非农收入。但他们的资源：土地、劳动力特别是继承人、机器和设施等，改变了他们对未来耕作和生活方式的意愿。具体地说。例如，一个典型的全职农户，会同意自己的资源和未来发展水稻种植的意愿，是相对严重的危机感。与此相反，大多数从事农业以外兼职工作的农户对这种变化持乐观态度。因为他们可以通过非农收入来管理自己的家庭经济，另一方面，今天由农民和农户组成的团体不能形成新的组织来应对和发展他们的水稻种植。因为许多农村社区已经失去了这样一种力量和意愿，即为他们的农业动员和协调资源。较少

The aim of this research project is to anarize empirically how peasants and their groups (Sonraku : rural community) cope with the recent changes of surroundings of Japanese rice cropping. As we know well, there are many aspects of the changes. Mainly, the first is the decrease of comsumption of rice in national, the second is the growing pressure of rebelarization of rice-trading from foreign country, the third is the modification of the basic principle of agricultural policy in Ministry of AFF.For that aim, We have surveyed four differrenty types of rice single cropping paddy area. The first is a moutainous and depopulated area in Nagano, the second is a snowy but yielding high quality paddy rice Niigata, the third is a core rice cropping field but part time farm field in Yamagata, and the last is a mixed farming area (apple and rice) in Aomori.Though we estimate that the changes of the surroundings lead many rice cropping peasants to so difficult condition to manage their farm holdi … More ngs, through the surveys we found that most peasants don't have a sense of impending crisis. The reason why they feel such, mainly depend on their condition of farm house holds depending largely on non-agricultural income. But their resources ; landsaize, labour force especially successor, machinery and facility and so on, chaneraize their willings to future style of farming and living. To be concrete. for example, one typical case of full-time farm household that will consentrate their resources and willings to future to develop their rice cropping, are relatively have a serious sense of crisis. Opposite to this, most farm household engaging part-time jobs outside of agriculture are optimistic about such changes. Because they can manage their domestic economy by non-agricultural income.On the otherside, the groups that are organized by peasants and farm household, today, can not make new organization to cope with and develop their rice cropping collectively. Because many rural communities have already lost such a power and willing as mobilizing and concerting their resources for their agriculture. Less