Studies of the origines of the medieval cities in the Eastern Europe

在这一年里，我学习了东欧城市的起源。关于东欧城市的起源，科隆主义理论和进化论之间一直存在争议，前者坚持将格布罗多的城市法则移植到东欧，后者则强调城市的自生演化。然而，对二战后考古发掘的调查证明了后者的理论是站得住脚的。我研究过主要城市，特别是沃林、什切钦、比斯库林、莱德尼卡、涅兹诺、莱奇卡、波兹南、卓克劳和布拉格。根据这些研究的结果，我承认东欧的城市发展有三个阶段。在第一步，这些城市的原始形式是城堡--所谓的格罗德(Grad，Hrad，Gard，Kreml)，它被坚固的城墙和深深的壕沟保护得足够好。在建造之初，这个格罗德就被用作部落的避难所。1集团，并在后来的时期，作为当地豪族及其保留者的居住报价。在第二步，为封建家臣和工匠建立了佩库利耶定居点。在第三个教堂，这个居民点到处都是市场、商人的聚居区和基督教教会的许多机构。12世纪，当德国的城市法，特别是弗达格德堡的城市法被接受时，东欧的城市作为市民的组织完成了。

During this year, I have studied about the origines of the Cities in the Eastern Europe. Regarding the origines of the cities in the Eastern Europe, there used to be controversies between the Kolonisationtheorie, which insists on the transplantation of the urban law of Gbrmany into the Eastern Europe, and the Evolutionstheorie, which emphasized on the autogenetic evolution of the cities. However, the investigation of the archaeological excavation after the World War II proved the tenability of the latter theory. I have studied about the principal cities, especially Wolin, Szczecin, Biscurin, Lednica, Gniezno, Leczyca, Poznan, droclaw and Prague. On thevround of the results of these studies, I wink to)a. ssert that there are three rhases of the urban development in the Eastern-Eurore.At the first step, the original form of these cities was the castle --so-called the grod (grad, hrad, gard, kreml), which was protected enough by the strong wall and the deep trench. This grod was, at the begining of its construction, utilized as a ulace of refuge for the triba. 1 group and, at a later period, as a residential quoter for the local uowerful clan and its retainera. At the second step, the peculier settlements were made for the feudal retainers and the craftsmen. At the third ster, this settlements were exuanded with the market, the district of the merchants and many institutions of the Christian church. And, in the 12th century, the cities of the Eastern Europe as the organization of burghers were completed, when the urban laws of Germany, especially Fdagdeburg, were accepted.