Characteristics of Market Structure and Locational Shift in the U. S. Livestock Industry

研究项目的目的是分析美国畜牧业的市场结构和区位转移的特点。在肉鸡业和蛋业中，玉米带附近存在的区位优势随着80年代长途运输成本的上升和玉米的采购而扩大。但从南方转移到玉米带的限制因素是，随着资本需求的增加，以及缺乏生产创新，如鸡蛋行业的串联系统，转移成本。但与区位相关的劣势并不是主要问题，因为集成商愿意制定营销战略来开发增值产品，扩大市场力量。随着资本金要求的增加，合同中的资本投入受到限制，使得集成商很难进行完全的所有权整合。作为火鸡加工，(SLAGFITER)和进一步支持…更多的养猪场可以增加统一的产量和充分利用工厂的全部产能，龙头企业的集中度提高，直到1988年8家最大的企业屠宰了60%以上。玉米带州的生猪生产过去是规模较小的，这些地区的养猪业管理过去是与农场自给饲料相结合的。这一优势可以说归因于玉米带各州的经营基于多样化的来源，而东南部各州的经营基于家庭所有的集约化方式，更依赖于自给自足的饲料。由于合同期限太短，生产商无法进行资本投资，承包企业不能补偿长期使用的生产者的设备使用。IBP、康尼格拉和B(CEL)等新型包装机进入牛肉包装行业，没有面临较高的进入壁垒和扩大的市场份额。实现其市场力量的因素既来自刺激大型屠宰和加工厂的规模经济，也来自于压低工资率。由于竞争激烈，老包装工退出牛肉行业后，他们必须将生猪屠宰和猪肉加工专业化。另一方面，新型包装机进入养猪业是为了化解工厂的过剩产能，分散市场风险。在四家公司的牛肉屠宰浓缩率从1976年的5.2%提高到1988年的69.7%后，新包装机对生猪的浓缩率从21.41提高到了69.7%。从1987年到1990年的29.49，尽管在四个公司水平上保持不变的集中率。产业组织理论视角下的市场结构变化问题，将养牛业市场价格下跌归因于结构性措施，尤其是集中度。美国的“经验性”研究强调结构-行为-绩效范式，这与芝加哥学派的观点形成鲜明对比，后者认为，通过整合和规模经济来节约成本可以提高效率，而不需要对公共政策进行调整。由于包装商的市场行为包含了包装商饲养、承包和排他性采购等圈养供应，生产合同和远期合同的增加会改变饲牛市场的定价以及养猪业的集中度，因此从长远的角度对关系结构与行为进行理论框架的争论是开展实证产业组织研究的必要之举。较少

Purporses of research project is to analyze characteristics of market structure and locational shift in the U. S. livestock industry.In broiler industry as well as egg industry, the locational advantage existing nearby the Cornbelt expanded by the rising of long-distance transportation cost and the procurement of corn in the '80s. But the limiting factors that shift from the South to the Cornbelt was the transfer cost in response of the increment of capital requirements and the absence of production innovation such as in-line systems in the case of the egg industry. But the disadvantage with relation to location do not becme a prime problem because integrators are willing to establish the marketing strategy to develop value-added products and expand market power. It is difficult for integrators to operate a complete ownership integration because of the limits of capital investment in contract with the increment of capital requirements. As turkey processing, (slaugfiter) and further pro … More cessing plant could increased uniform volme and utilized full plant capacity, concentration ratios by leading firms increased until the eight largest firms slaughtered 60 percent over in 1988.The hog production in corn-belt states used to be of smaller scales, and the management of the hog industry in these areas used to be combined with self-supplied feedstuff from farms. This advantage can be claimed to be attributable to the fact that the operations in the corn-belt states are based on diversified sources, whereas those in the Southeastern states are based on family-owned intensive style which is more dependent upon the self-supplied feedstuff. Contracting firm can not compensate in longrun producer's facilities Use under contract, because contract length is too short for producer to make a capital investment.New type packers such as IBP, ConAgra and B(cel entered into beef packing industry without facing high barrier to entry and expanded market power. The factors that realized their market power arised from both spurring scale economy in Large slaughtering and processing plants and driving down wage rates. After old packers exited frm beef because of intense competition, they must specialized hog slaughtering and pork processing. on the other hand, new type packers entered into hog industrj in order to decrealse excess capacity of plants and decentralize malrket risk. After fourfirm concentration ratios for beef slaughtering have increased from Z5.2% in 1976 to 69.7% in 1988, new packer's concentration ratios for hog have increased from 21.41. in 1987 to 29.49, in 1990 in spite of constant concentration rate in fourfirm level. Issues about market structure change from viewpoint of industrial organization theory attributed price down in the fed-cattle market to structural measure, especially concentration. "Emprirical" research in U. S. that put much emphasis on the structure-conduct-performance paradigm underling the Harbard school thought contrast with the Chicago school thouth that efficiency stemed from cost saving by means of consolidation and scale economy do not necessitate the regulation of public policy. Because packer's market conduct contain captive supply such as packer feeding, contracting and exclusivc purchasing and the increment of production contract and forward contract will change pricing of fedcattle market as well as concentration in hog farming, the dispute of theoritical fram about relation structure with conduct from longrun aspect will necessitate in order to develop emprical industrial organization research. Less