A Comparative Study on the Postwar Sport-reformation in Japan and Germany

本研究旨在比较战后日本与德国的体育改革。为了实现这一目标，我们致力于以下几个方面。第二次世界大战后美国和盟国对被占领的德国体育政策的规划和程序。U.S.zone战后体育政策的实践与发展.比较美国投降后对日本和德国的体育政策，即GHQ/SCAP和OMGUS。美国最初对德国的体育政策是与非纳粹化和非军事化政策相结合的。德国体育的政策和程序从职业化、民主化和分权化入手.尽管在每个区域的程序有很大的差异，盟军控制理事会第23号指令，这是由行政协调会于1945年12月17日决定的，构成了盟军全国体育政策的框架。美国驻德国军政府办公室（OMGUS）根据ACC第23号指令，重视德国体育组织的分权，没有正式授权在州（州）一级组织任何体育组织。第二次世界大战后，德国被四个盟军瓜分和占领。投降后的德国的主要特点是分治和军政府的直接控制，而战败的日本则完全由美国单独占领，并通过当时的日本政府间接控制。这就是日本与德国的巨大差异，虽然德国东部领土与日本同属一个国家，但前者推行的是以摩根图计划为代表的“硬”政策，而后者除“武道”外，在全国推行的是积极的所谓“软”政策。

The purpose of this Study is to compare the postwar sport-reformation between Japan and Germany. To carry out this purpose we pursure following subjects.1. The planning and Procedure of U.S.and Allied sport-policy for occupied Germany after the World War II.2. The practice of postwar sports-policy for U.S.zone and its development.3. A comparison between U.S.postsurrender sport-policy for Japan and Germany, that is GHQ/SCAP and OMGUS.As a result of this Study we can point out following items.1. Initial U.S.sport-policy for Germany had been integrated with the denazification and demilitarization policy. Proceeding with the occupation, democratiation and decentrarization of German-sport was emphasized in its policy and procedure.2. In spite of wide differences of its procedures in each Zone, The Allied Control Council directive No.23, which was decided on 17 December 1945 by ACC, formed the framework of the Allied sport-policy for the whole country.3. Basing on the ACC directives No.23, the Office of Military Government of U.S.for Germany(OMGUS) attached weight to the decentralization of German sport organizations and they did not authorized formally to organize any sport organizations over the State(Land) level.4. After the World War II Germany was divided and occupied by four Allied forces. The divided occupation and the direct control by military governments were the main feature of postsurrender Germany.On the contrary defeated Japan was occupied substantially by the U.S.A.alone and controlled indirectly, that is, through the existing Japanese government. That was the wide differences between Japan and Germany.Though the eastern German territorial part and Japan was occupied by the same country, in the former spread a "hard" policy, which was symbolized by Morgenthou Plan, and in the latter, except "Budo", a positive, so-called "soft" policy was introduced throughout the land.