Feasibility Study of a "Snow Dam" Concept

最近在日本，越来越多的人热衷于将雪用于各种目的，以更好地为雪区的生活服务。这项研究报告了一种全新的想法的可行性，即收集和储存积雪作为“雪坝”，并利用延迟的融水来补充夏季的用水需求。这个想法不是建造一个像混凝土大坝一样的结构，而是在选址条件和技术合适的地方在峡谷里收集积雪。在峡谷中收集积雪和降低融化速度都需要技术，这样才能在最需要的时候提取水来提供供应。对各种技术进行了综述。结论是：Gaz。例如，最近在法国开发的一种雪崩爆破装置，似乎是一种很有前途的技术，应该需要进一步的实验研究，以获得可以收集多少雪的定量答案。建立了粉雪雪崩的流体动力学模型，用于预测人工雪崩的碎片体积和运行过程高度和速度。这个模型考虑了山坡的三维地形。它包括动量平衡的二维处理，空气和雪的质量守恒方程，以及湍流能量守恒的近似方程。控制和延缓融雪的技术包括治理雪坝和预测融雪径流。后者需要对位于峡谷深处的大坝进行小规模的径流分析研究，并且在整个夏季都要做好计算。建立了一个考虑地形和气象分布的分布雪融水径流模型，并将其应用于几个概念雪坝。从1990年4月3日开始，对中野河流域的融雪量进行了计算，结果表明，概念上的雪坝可以使夏季的水流一直增加到8月份。

Recently in Japan, there is a mounting interest in using snow for various purposes that better serve life in snowy areas. This study reports feasibility of a totally new idea of gathering and storing snow as a "snow dam" , and using the delayd meltwater to supplement water demand in summer.The idea is not to build a structure that stands like a concrete dam, but to gather snow in gorges where siting conditions and technology are appropriate. Technology is needed both to gather snow in gorges and to reduce rates of melting, so that water can be extracted to provide a supply when it is most needed. Various kinds of technologies are reviewed. It is concluded that Gaz.ex, an avalanche-blasting device recently developed in France, appears a promising technology for this purpose and that further experimental studies should be needed for getting a quantitative answer as to how much snow can be gathered.A fluid dynamical model of powder-snow avalanches is developed for prediction of the debris volume and the running course height and speed of the artificial avalanches. This model takes into account three-dimensional topography of mountain slopes. It consists of the two-dimensional treatment of momentum balance, the mass conservation equations of air and snow, and an approximate equation of conservation of turbulent energy.Technology to control and delay the melting consists of treating snow dams and predicting snowmelt runoff. The latter requires research on small-scale runoff analysis in a dam located deep in a gorge, and the calculation has to be done well through the summer season. A distribution snow melt runoff model was developed and applied to several conceptual snow dams, which takes into account both topographical and meteorological distributions. A snowmelt calculation in the Nakano River basin started on April 3,1990, demonstrates that the conceptual snow dams increase summer stream flow well into August.