Industrial Rationalization and Workers' Culture in Weimar Germany

本研究首先涉及工业合理化、工人与工会，其次涉及魏玛德国工人环境、工人文化与大众文化的转变。(1)稳定时代的工业合理化改变了工作场所的传统劳动，在鲁尔煤矿，通过井下机械化和劳动组织的重组，在电气和机械工业，通过引入福特系统的大规模生产。它摧毁了工人的传统技能和团结结构。德国总工会（ADGB）对提高生活水平的合理化持积极态度，用大众购买力理论取代了社会主义的大众贫困理论。但ADGB的经济民主理论忽略了工作场所的民主和工人文化的转变。(2)在20世纪20年代的工人环境方面，研究者集中研究了工人宿舍和工人文化的变迁，以及工人青年和大众文化的变迁。在大都市柏林，重建始于市中心，在郊区建造了大型住宅区（Siedlungen），而传统的工人宿舍也因此被改造。另一方面，在鲁尔地区，矿工殖民地虽然经历了社会变革，但工人文化与生活环境的融合环境得到了相当程度的保存，殖民地矿工的团结也得到了加强。在这些社会变革中，工人青年生活在不稳定的生活中，具有与大萧条时期父辈不同的意识。正是它们体现了工人运动文化在工人文化与大众文化之间的两难境地。

This study deals first with the industrial rationalization and the workers and the trade unions, secondly with the transformation of the workers' milieu and the workers' culture and mass culture in Weimar Germany.(1) The industrial rationalization in the stabilization era changed the traditional labor in the workplace, in the Ruhr coal mines through the mechanization in the pit and the restructuring of the labor organization, and in the electro-technical and machine industry through the introduction of the mass production of the Ford system. It demolished the traditional skills and the structure of solidarity of the workers. The General Federation of German Trade Unions (ADGB) took a positive attitude toward the rationalization to raise the living standard and replaced the socialist theory of mass poverty with the theory of mass purchasing power. But the democracy in the workplace and the transformation of the workers' culture were neglected in the ADGB' theory of economic democracy.(2) In regard to the workers' milieu in the 1920' s, the investigator concentrates on the transformation of the workers' quarters and workers' culture, and on the workers' youth and the mass culture. In the metropolis Berlin, the redevelopment began in the center, the large residential estates (Siedlungen) were built in the suburbs, while the traditional workers' quarters were transformed thereby. On the other hand, in the Ruhr district the social transformations came through in the miners' colonies, but the integrated milieu of the workers' culture and the life-environments was considerably preserved, and the solidarity of miners in the colonies was rather strengthened. In the middle of these social transformations, the workers' youth lived an unstable life and had the different consciousness from their parents' generation in the Great Depression. It was they that embodied the dilemma of the labor movement culture between the workers' culture and the mass culture.